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| Study of Science and its breadth and boundaries. Questions like: What is knowledge? How do we garner knowledge? What is known? What is unknown? |
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| It is a way of acquiring knowledge, science looks for natural/casual explanations for events and relies on observation by independent research. |
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A statement that suggests a casual link, proposed explanaton or guess.
I.e. "When x then y"
A hypothesis must be able to be proven wrong, thus giving it falsifiable means (could be adding a not) |
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| A falsifiable hypothesis is both... |
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| Incorrect (in that it cannot be proven) and Rejected |
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| A theory that has high confidence and has been tested |
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| A well established, inter-related, diverse set of facts/laws used to explain phenomena. |
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| Who does Darwin share credit with for natural selection? |
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| What is the modern synthesis? |
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| The combination of natural selection with population genetics. |
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| What do animals do under Natural Selection? |
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| If the statement "when X then Y" is always true then look for conditions where both X and Y are occurring. If Y doesn't always occur then it is rejected. |
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| What did Thomas Malthus find? |
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| The reproductive potential of populations being greater than limited resources can support. Food limits population size, populations grow exponentially, he was inspired by Wallace and Darwin. |
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| What did Carolus Linnaueus find? |
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The binomial system of biological classification, and the formalization of John Ray's studies.
Linnaues created: KPCOFGS |
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| What is Uniformitarianism? |
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| States that the geological processes that operated in the past are still occurring in the present time. |
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| View that the extinction and the subsequent appearance of more modern forms could be explained by a series of disasters and creations. |
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| What is Charles Lyell known for? |
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| Lyell wrote The Principles of Geology and is referred to as the Father of Modern Geology |
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| Lamarck came up with the inheritance of acquired characteristics |
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| Genus + species, reproductive continuity, and isolation |
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| What did Georges Cuvier study? |
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| Extinction and catastrophism |
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Somatic (body) cells dividing and thus producing diploid daughter cells identical to parent. Chromatids (c) must be replicated in this process.
i.e. (2n, 2c) |
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| Gametes (sex) cells reproduction producing haploid cells with half of the parent chromosomes. "Second round of division takes places in Meiosis" |
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| N = Chromosomes, C = Chromatids |
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| A homologous pair of Chromosomes looks like |
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| A homologous pair of chromosomes with two sister chromatids looks like |
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| A single chromosome with replicated DNA looks like |
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| Single chromosome looks like |
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• A - T | T - A
• G - C | C - G
• Inside the nucleus
• Does not move
• Double stranded
• basic function is to code for proteins |
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• A - U | U -A
• G - C | C - G
• Outside of nucleus
• Moves
• Single stranded
• serves as a template for protein synthesis |
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| What cells need to mutate? |
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| The two primary steps of protein synthesis are... |
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Transcription - starts inside cells nucleus, DNA transfers to mRNA since DNA can't leave (essentially making a copy)
Translation - starts at the ribosome/cytoplasm, stitching together with RNA to make protein
Translation does not include the production of mRNA, transcription does |
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| Which cells have a nucleus? |
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| Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus, Eukaryotic cells do |
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| Exactly half of the total complement of chromosomes in an organisms normal body cell |
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| Introduced by Hippocrates, organs of the parent give off partilles/seeds (pangenes) which form the fetus. Darwin expanded on this idea by saying particles of both Males and Females blend to make a child. |
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| Preformation vs. Epigenesis |
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Preformation is the theory of a "miniature person" inside the sperm that is planted inside of a woman to grow.
Epigenesis is the opposite, working off of cell theory. |
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Number/proportion of variants across generations of hybrids.
i.e. Stem length study |
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| What is the law of segregation? |
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• Traits occur in pairs
• Inheritance is particle based (gene based)
• Two genes for each trait, Gametes only cary one
• This becomes Meiosis |
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• DNA coding for a protein that affects the expression of a trait or feature
• Fundamentally a gene is a sequence of DNA |
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| The site on a chromosome where a gene is located |
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Alternative forms of genes that are either dominant or recessive.
i.e. T vs. t |
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| Homozygous alleles look like what? |
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| Heterozygous alleles look like what? |
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| Tt (both dominant and recessive alleles) |
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| The genetic makeup or listing of alleles possessed by an individual. AKA actual allele combination |
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| Observable or measurable feature/trait that results from processing a particular genotype. AKA the physical expression of genes |
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| How do traits work? What is Mendelian/Monogenetic Inheritance? Mendelian traits? |
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• Traits sort independently
• Mendelian/Monogenetic Inheritance means one locus -> one feature
• Mendelian traits are autosomal dominant and recessive, and controlled by one genetic locus |
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The Human Genome:
What are autosomes? What are sex chromosomes? |
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• Autosomes are all the chromosomes except sex chromosomes
• Sex chromosomes determine sexual characteristics
• XX -> Female
• XY -> Male |
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| One lucus is responsible for multiple traits |
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| Is monogenetic inheritance common? |
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| Affected by more than one gene/locus |
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| Characteristics of Modern Synthesis/Neo-Darwinism |
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• Natural selection + Genetics
• Production and redistribution of variation
• Natural selection acts on this variation |
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| A change in gene or allele frequency over time |
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| What does population mean? |
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| A group of interbreeding individuals |
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| What is microevolution? What is Macroevolution? |
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• Microevolution is small, short term changes over a few generations
• Macroevolution is large, long term changes over many generations
• both are the same but at different scales |
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• Alteration to genetic code at a measurable rate
• Neutral, negative, or positive effect
• New genetic material comes from mutation |
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Single base-pair change
i.e. sickle cell disease |
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| Random fluctuation of alleles over generations; some alleles may be retained, lost, or gained simply due to random events |
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| What is the Bottleneck Effect? |
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| Population size grows small with just a few individuals continuing on to repopulate |
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| Also known as migration, it is the movement of genes from one population to another |
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| What is differential reproductive success? |
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| One organism leaves more surviving offspring than another |
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| Produces more offspring or has higher rate of offspring survival. |
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| When two or more phenotypes exist, and variation exists in at least one locus |
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| What is an example of Heterozygote advantage? |
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| Speciation occurs when gene flow is eliminated, two populations separate from each other, and the sub-populations evolve away from each other. |
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| A functional shift in Allele frequencies due to environmental factors |
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• Gradient of genotypes over geographical space
• Clinal variation accumulates differences due to environments |
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| Body mass increases in colder environments to give off less body heat per unit of mass, there is a lower surface area to volume relationship. |
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| Limb surface area -> volume ratio is smaller in colder habitats |
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| Local physiological adaptation to an environment |
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| The ability to alter phenotypes (heat/altitude) |
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| Are scientists currently unsure about blood polymorphism such as the ABO blood group having adaptive significance? |
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