• skin
• vertebral column and ribs
• epaxial muscles
• spinal cord

• 33 vertebrae
• 24 individuals (cervical, thoracic, and lumbar) and the remaining are fused into two bony masses (sacrum and coccyx)

• thoracic  curves
• sacral curves
• they appear during development
• they concave anteriorly

• Cervical curves develop as a result of the infant holding its head erect
• lumbar curves develops when the child begins to walk
• concaves posteriorly

• bifid spine
• transverse foramen in transvere process

False

The vein does pass through C7 transverse foramen;the artery does not

• v. vein C1-C7
• v. artery C1-C6

• ilium of the pelvic bone
• synovial joint with limited movement

• superior edge articulates with the head of the corresponding rib
• inferior edge articulates with rib below

• articular facet (transverse costal facet) on its extermal side for articulation with tubercle of corresponding rib

• anterior to posterior
• side to side

• lateral to medial
• extension and flexion (back to front movement)

• neck
• body
• angle
• tubercle

1. rib 11 & 12 don't have neck or tubercle
2. rib 12 does not have an angle

• deep surface of the rib
• protects intercostal artery, vein, and nerve.

1st rib

flattened horizontally

1-7: true

8-12: false

11-12: floating

• ribs 2-9 articulate with 2 adjacent thoracic vertebrae
• ribs 1,10,11,12 articulate with one vertebra

• ribs 1-7 articulates with the sternum
• ribs 8-10 attaches to the costal cartilage of the next more superior rib
• rib 11 an 12 have no articulation with sternum

• 1 is fibrocartilaginous
•  2-7 are synovial
• interchondral joint of lower ribs are synovial

• manubrium
• body
• xiphoid process

• diarthrosis aka synovial joints (moveable joints)- less stable

• Synarthrosis (fixed joints)-allow stability

What hold the dens of the 2nd cervical vertabra and the atlas in place together?

What type of joint is there?

• transverse ligament
• diarthrosis

• junction of the rib with costal cartilage and between vertebral bodies
• aka Solid Joint

• articulating surfaces of bones are joined by fibrous tissue (little movement)

1. Sutures-joints btwn skull plates
2. Gomphosis-joints btwn teeth and bones
3. Syndesmosis-joints in which two adjacent bones are linked by a ligament

•  articulating surfaces of the bones are covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage and cartilage is attach to a pad of fibrocartilage (aka fibrocartilaginous joint)

1. Synchondroses- occurs when two ossification centers in developing bone remain separated by a layer of cartilage (no movement)
2. Symphyses- occurs when two bones are interconnected by cartilage (limited movement)

1. bone or cartilage
2. articulating cartilage at the joint surface
3. synovial membrane
4. synovial fluid
5. fibrous capsule
6. nerves and blood vessels
7. ligaments

1. capsular
2. collateral (outside)
3. intracapsular (inside)

• anulus fibrous (outer fibrous layer)
• nucleus pulposus (inner fluid area)

What ligament runs the length of the vertebral column and covers anterior surface of the vertebral bodies?

What type of joint is it?

• anterior longitudinal ligament

(stays same width)

• synarthrosis

What ligament runs the length of the vertebral column and covers posterior surface of the vertebral bodies?

What type of joint is it?

• posterior longitudinal ligament

(more narrow at caudal levels & weaker than anterior)

*pertruding disc most likely here*

• diathrosis

ligamentum flavum

(long,thin in cervical region and thick in lumbar)

What type of joints are costochondral joints?

What articulates and how do they move?

• synarthroses & cartilaginous joint
• ribs to costal cartilage
• they moves as if one continous structure

What type of joints are sternocostal joint?

What articulates?

• diarthroses and synovial except 1st joint (Rib 1) which is synarthroses and cartilaginous
• costal cartliage to sternum

1. locations (rectus abdominis)
2. function (erector spinae)
3. attachment (iliocostalis)
4. form (bicep brachii)
5. direction ( rectus abdominis)
6. combination of the above

1.  move the vertebral column (back)
2. deep back muscles
3. innverated by dorsal primary rami                      *deep to serveral hypaxial muscles*

1. move UE; hold epaxial muscles in place and/or act as accessory muscles of respiration
2. superficial back muscles
3. innverated by ventral primary rami

1.  trapezius
2. levator scapulae
3. rhomboid major
4. rhomboid minor
5. latissimus dorsi
6. serratus posterior superior
7. serratus posterior inferior

1. Splenius-superficial layer;head and neck region
2. Erector spinae-intermediare layer; largest group
3. Transversospinal- deep layer; connect transverse processes to transverse processes or skull 
4. Minor Deep Layer

1. splenius capitis
2. splenius cervicis

Origin & Insertion

splenius capitis

origin: lower cervical and upper thoracic spinous process and ligamentum nuchea

insertion: superior nuchal line of occipital bone and mastoid process of temporal bone

Origin & Insertion

splenius cervicis

origin: lower cervical and upper thoracic spinous process and ligamentum nuchea

insertion: posterior side of transverse process of upper cervical vertebrae

1. obliquus capitis inferior
2. obliquus capitis superior
3. rectus capitius posterior major
4. rectus capitis posterior minor

1. obliquus capitis inferior
2. obliquus capitis superior
3. rectus capitius posterior major

• vertebral arteries (one of two major arteries sets that supply the brain and more superior parts of SC)

what muscle attached to the lumbar, sacral, and iliac region inferiorly and splits into 3 longitudinal columns at upper lumbar and thoracic regions?

1. iliocostalis lumborum-attaches rib to rib
2. iliocostalis thoracis-attaches rib to rib
3. iliocostalis cervicis-attaches rib to cervical transverse processes.

• end of name tells you where it insers

1. longissimus thoracis: attaches to transverse processes and ribs
2. longissimus cervicis: attaches from thoracic to cervial transverse processes
3. longissimus capitis: attaches from thoracic transverse processes to the mastoid process
4. longissimus lumborum:  attaches to transverse processes and ribs

1. spinalis thoracis
2. spinalis cervicis
3. spinalis capitis

Origin/Insertion

Transversospinal group

origin: arises from transverse process of vertebrae

attachment: the spinous processes of more rotal vertebrae

What are most prominent muscles of the semispinalis group and what do they cross before they attach?

Which semispinalis muscles is very small?

1. Semispinalis capitis
2. Semispinalis cervicis

• they cross 4-6 vertebrae
• semispinalis thoracis

1. semispinalis
2. multifidus
3. rotators

Origin/Insertion

semispinalis capitis

Where is it most developed?

origin: thoracis transverse processes

insertion: superior nuchal line of the occipital bone

• cervical region

what does the semispinalis cervicis connect?

*deep to semispinalis capitis*

• connects thoracic transverse processes to cervical spinous processes.

• mulitfidus
• 2-4 vertebrae

Origin/Insertion

mulitfidus

Where are they most developed?

origin: transverse processes of vertebrae

insertion: spinous processes of more rostal vertebrae

• most developed in lumbar region but foud throughout

• rotators
• 1-2

Origin/Insertion

Rotators

Where are they most developed?

origin: transverse processes

insertion: rostal vertebral lamina

• Most developed in thoracic region but found throughout

Origin/Insertion

Interspinal group

origin: superior surfaces of spinious processes of cervical and lumbar vertebrae

insertion: inferior surfaces of spinous processes of vertebrae superior to vertebrae of origin

Origin/Insertion

Intertransverse group

origin: transverse process of cervical and lumbar vertebrae

insertion: transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae

*connect adjacent vertebrae*

Origin/Insertion

Levatores costarum group

origin: tips of transverse processes of C7-T11

insertion: inferiorly on rib between its tubercle and angle

• kepting the body erect (posture and antigravity)
• many larger muscles can bend to one side (lateral flexion) if there is unilateral contraction
• example: iliocostalis
• rotation of vertebral column

1. interspinal group
2. intertransverse group
3. levatores costarum group

1. semispinalis (captis,cervicis, and thoracis)
2. multifidus
3. rotators

1. iliocostalis (lumborum,thoracis,cervicis)
2. longissmuss (thoracis,capitis,cervicis,lumborum)
3. spinalis (thoracis,cervicis, and capitis)

1. splenius (capitis, cervicis)
2. suboccipital (obliquus capitis inferior & superior,rectus capitis posterior major and minor)