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Bone, Joint, and Soft Tissue
Disorders
170
Pathology
Graduate
07/09/2014

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Cards

Term
a defect in the continuity of a bone
Definition
fracture
Term
fracture categories: 1
Definition
sudden impact
Term
fracture categories: 2
Definition
stress or fatigue
Term
fracture categories: 3
Definition
pathologic
Term
Most common type of fracture
Definition
radial ulnar
Term
Risk factors for fractures: 1
Definition
advanced age
Term
Risk factors for fractures: 2
Definition
falls
Term
Risk factors for fractures: 3
Definition
female gender
Term
Risk factors for fractures: 4
Definition
resident at long term facility
Term
Risk factors for fractures: 5
Definition
poor overall health
Term
Risk factors for fractures: 6
Definition
diminished physical function
Term
Risk factors for fractures: 7
Definition
physical attributes
Term
What physical attributes may lead to fracture?
Definition
decreased bone density, leg length discrepancy, low BMI, poor nutrition
Term
Risk factors for fractures: 8
Definition
substance abuse
Term
Risk factors for fractures: 9
Definition
medical comorbidities
Term
Risk factors for fractures: 10
Definition
radiation treatment
Term
What happens immediately after a fracture?
Definition
loss of blood supply, ischemia, resultant death of osteocytes
Term
After loss of blood supply and ischemia due to a fracture, what happens next
Definition
macrophages remove dead bone cells and damaged bone
Term
After macrophages have performed clean up of the damaged bone what happens next
Definition
hematoma forms within 48-72 hours of fx
Term
What is a hematoma
Definition
collectino of blood
Term
After formation of a hematoma due to a fracture what happens next?
Definition
clotting factors initiate formation of a fibrin network
Term
What does formation of a fibrin network allow for?
Definition
fibroblasts and capillary buds to the area
Term
After formation of the fibrin network what happens to the fracture next?
Definition
formation of a fibrocartilaginous collar/callus forms around the site
Term
Why is important the callus forms around the fx site?
Definition
allows the bone ends to unite
Term
After the bone ends unite what happens to the cartilage collar?
Definition
ossifies through the use of osteoblasts
Term
After the bone ends unite what happens next?
Definition
excess bony callous is resorbed and the bone is remodeled depending on the stresses put on it
Term
Fx Repair Summarized: 1
Definition
formation of a hematoma
Term
Fx Repair Summarized: 2
Definition
cellular proliferation
Term
Fx Repair Summarized: 3
Definition
callous formation
Term
Fx Repair Summarized: 4
Definition
ossification
Term
Fx Repair Summarized: 5
Definition
consolidation and remodeling of the bone
Term
What is a comminuted fracture?
Definition
>2 fragments
Term
Fracture that heals in an unsatisfactory position and may result in deformation
Definition
malunion
Term
Fracture that takes an abnormally long time to heal
Definition
delayed union
Term
fracture that fails to heal
Definition
non-union
Term
FOOSH
Definition
fall on an outstretched hand
Term
fracture of the base of the 5th metatarsal
Definition
jone's fracture
Term
fracture of the distal radius and ulnar styloid in which the distal segment is displaced posteriorly
Definition
colle's fracture
Term
How is a colle's fracture usually caused?
Definition
foosh
Term
oblique fracture of the lateral malleolus and a transerve fx of teh medial malleolus. May involve an avulsion fx of the talus
Definition
pott's fracture
Term
tearing of a ligament/tendon which results in a chunk of bone being pulled off as well
Definition
avulsion fracture
Term
Fractures PTI
Definition
prevention, education
Term
Leading cause of death in individuals >65 yrs old
Definition
complications following a fall
Term
X-rays may be _____ with stress fractures
Definition
negative
Term
Osteonecrosis is also known as
Definition
Avascular Necrosis
Term
Where is Osteonecrosis/AVN seen at most often?
Definition
femur head
Term
AVN is a result of what?
Definition
compromise of blood supply
Term
What may occur with AVN sometimes?
Definition
articular cartilage may be lifted off of the underlying bone
Term
Major issue of AVN
Definition
damage is permanent, no healing of necrotic bone tissue
Term
AVN progress is ____
Definition
slow
Term
At the time of fracture, there will be a _____ ______ ______ of AVN symptoms
Definition
sudden significant worsening
Term
What are symptoms of fracture as a result of AVN?
Definition
increased pain, decreased ROM
Term
AVN PTI
Definition
if the patient notices, advice to communicate with physician
Term
characterized by abnormal bone remodeling with increased bone resportion and excessive, unorganized new bone caused by activated osteoclasts
Definition
paget's disease
Term
Etiology of Paget's disease
Definition
genetic basis, environmental factors
Term
Paget's Disease: Initial Resorptive Stage
Definition
osteoclasts proliferate uncontrolled causing rapid bone resorption
Term
What happens to osteoblastic activity during the Initial resportive stage of pagets disease?
Definition
cannot keep up the pace
Term
What replaces the bone that has been lost in the initial resorptive stage of Pagets?
Definition
fibrous tissue
Term
Pagets Osteoblastic sclerotic phase
Definition
cancellous bone is replaced by coarse thickened trabecular bone and cortical bone is thickened and roughened
Term
What happens as a result of the osteoblastic sclerotic phase?
Definition
heavily calcified but weakend bones
Term
Final Stage of Pagets Disease
Definition
little cellular activity
Term
Paget's Musculoskeletal S/S: 1
Definition
insidious bone pain
Term
Paget's Musculoskeletal S/S: 2
Definition
bony deformity
Term
What bony deformities occur with Paget's disease
Definition
kyphosis, bowing of leg bones
Term
Paget's Musculoskeletal S/S: 3
Definition
Hypercalcemia
Term
What resultant symptoms occur as a result of Hypercalcemia due to Paget's?
Definition
fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, constipation
Term
Paget's Musculoskeletal S/S: 4
Definition
most common areas include skull, spine, pelvic, femur, tibias
Term
Paget's Musculoskeletal S/S: 5
Definition
pathologic fracture in proximal femurs, pelvis, lumbar spine
Term
Extraskeletal manifestations of Paget's: neurologics
Definition
nerve compression, confusion, hearing loss
Term
Extraskeletal manifestations of Pagets: cardiovascular
Definition
increased cardiac output and vascularity over involved bone, heart failure
Term
PTI Paget's Disease
Definition
exercise, patient education
Term
What does exercise do for Paget's
Definition
maintain skeletal health, minimize skeletal complications and deformity, control pain, weight control, improve CV function, maintain muscular strength and joint motion
Term
Why is Patient educaiton important for Paget's
Definition
recognition of possible fracture, pre/post operative care, prescribing proper assistive devices
Term
disorder of the entire synovial joint, not just articular cartilage
Definition
osteoarthritis
Term
OA is characterized by what
Definition
tissue destruction and aberrant repair as the result of alterations in cell function
Term
Normal function of articular cartialge includes what?
Definition
provide a smooth, friction-free surface for joint articulation
Term
First thing that happens with OA
Definition
inflammatory cells infiltrate articular cartilage and break it down
Term
After the inflammatory cells break down the articular cartilage what happens next
Definition
proteins degrade the extracellualr matrix of the cartilage
Term
What happens as cartilage is destroyed due to OA
Definition
bony overgrowth, ligamentous laxity, muscle weakness, atrophy, joint pain
Term
What happens as a result of thinning cartilage
Definition
exposure of underlying subchondral bone
Term
Why does the joint space narrow in OA?
Definition
cartilage thins
Term
As the joint space narrows due to thinning of the cartilage what happens
Definition
sclerosis of the subchondral bone occurs
Term
In OA, what leads to mechanical joint failure and loss of function
Definition
osteophytes form at the joint margins
Term
WHat else can cause degeneration of the articular cartialge
Definition
immobility
Term
Why can immobility cause degeneration of the articular cartilage
Definition
without mechanical loading/unloading delivery of nuterients to the chondrocytes is interrupted and structural changes may occur
Term
How do symptoms of OA occur?
Definition
insidiously, suddenly
Term
Pain associated with OA is especially associated where
Definition
Weight bearing joints such as knees, hips, spine
Term
Pain associated with OA is described as
Definition
deep ache that increases with activity and feels better with rest
Term
Pain with OA may be accompanied by
Definition
stiffness, tenderness, subluxation, crepitus, loss of motion and function
Term
OA PTI
Definition
individualized exercises, to maximize function while preventing exarcebation
Term
OA PTI: Exercise has been proven to
Definition
reduce pain, improve function, strength, gait, improve quality of life
Term
chronic, systemic inflammatory immune disease affecting articular and extraarticular components
Definition
rheumatoid arthritis
Term
WHy does joint inflammation occur during RA
Definition
massive infiltration of immune cells, especially T-lymphocytes, into the synovial fluid
Term
These two antibodies react with each other in the blood and initiate an inflammatory reaction
Definition
rheumatoid, immunoglobin
Term
THe immune reaction associated with RA may occur where?
Definition
intra or extra articularly
Term
What happens as a result of inflammation of synovial joints
Definition
synovial cells multiply
Term
How do leukocytes infiltrate the joint?
Definition
peripheral circulation
Term
WHen the leukocytes infiltrate the joint from the peripheral circulation, what happens
Definition
synovium becomes edematous and inflammed
Term
After the synovium becomes edematous and inflammed what happens?
Definition
phagocytosis of immune complexes
Term
TNF
Definition
Tumor necrosis factor
Term
What does TNF cause: 1
Definition
destruction of the articular cartilage
Term
What does TNF cause: 2
Definition
resorption of the bone
Term
What does TNF cause: 3
Definition
hyperplasia of the synovium
Term
What does TNF cause: 4
Definition
tenderness
Term
What does TNF cause: 5
Definition
swelling
Term
What does TNF cause: 6
Definition
pain
Term
What happens as a result of the synovium becoming edematous and inflammed
Definition
thickening and destruction of the tissue
Term
pannus
Definition
thickened synovial tissue
Term
The inflammatory cells within the pannus do not let the synovium perform its two primary functions
Definition
joint lubrication, providing avascular cartilage with nturients
Term
RA Clinical Picture
Definition
insidiously and progressively widespread
Term
RA has what kind of involvement of joints?
Definition
symmetrical
Term
Which are the most common joint affected by RA?
Definition
wrists, hands, knees, fingers, feet
Term
A patient might describe joints with RA as
Definition
swollen, warm, painful, stiff
Term
RA symptoms are generally worse following period of ______
Definition
inactivity
Term
RA Common hand/finger deformities: 1
Definition
swan neck
Term
RA Common hand/finger deformities: 2
Definition
ulnar drift
Term
RA Common hand/finger deformities: 3
Definition
formation of rheumatoid nodules
Term
RA Common hand/finger deformities: 4
Definition
boutonniere
Term
RA also affect the joints of what body part, due to being purely synoival
Definition
upper neck, C1&C2
Term
RA of the neck often leads to
Definition
Pain, headaches, UE paresthesia, ligamentous instability
Term
numbness, tingling
Definition
parasthesia
Term
Lightamentous instability leads to what
Definition
vertebrobasilar insuffiency
Term
Vertebrobasilar insuffiency leads to what
Definition
visual disturbances, balance dysfunction, tinnitus, dysphagia
Term
Extracellular Manifestations of RA: 1
Definition
weight loss
Term
Extracellular Manifestations of RA: 2
Definition
Fatigue
Term
Extracellular Manifestations of RA: 3
Definition
generalized weakness
Term
Extracellular Manifestations of RA: 4
Definition
neurologic involvement
Term
Extracellular Manifestations of RA: 5
Definition
respiratory involvement
Term
Extracellular Manifestations of RA: 6
Definition
involvement of cardiac, ocular, renal, vascular and lymphatic systems
Term
RA PTI
Definition
avoid certain manual treatments, adjusted exercise intensity, precautions with joint instability
Term
inflammatory disease typically affecting the axial skeleton and appendicular too
Definition
ankylosing spondylitis
Term
Disruption of the ligamentous-osseous junction and the resultant formation of bone is a result of what in AS?
Definition
chronic inflammation
Term
Where does AS usually start?
Definition
SI joint
Term
WHy is bone layed down at the ligamentous-osseous junction?
Definition
attempt to repair the inflammed joint
Term
WHat is a hallmark of AS?
Definition
bamboo spine
Term
What happens to the lumbopelvic region as a result of AS?
Definition
becomes one large, osseous mass with no joints or movement
Term
Severe Pain with AS ____ when inactive, _____ with activity
Definition
increased, decreased
Term
Changes in spinal curvature associated with AS include a ______ in lordosis and an ____ in kyphosis
Definition
decrease, increase
Term
Advanced s/s of AS: 1
Definition
more severe pain
Term
Advanced s/s of AS: 2
Definition
change in spinal curvature
Term
Advanced s/s of AS: 3
Definition
tenderness
Term
Advanced s/s of AS: 4
Definition
stiffness, loss of ROM
Term
Advanced s/s of AS: 5
Definition
muscle spasms
Term
Advanced s/s of AS: 6
Definition
decreased chest wall excursion
Term
Advanced s/s of AS: 7
Definition
muscle contractures
Term
Advanced s/s of AS: 8
Definition
onset of osteoporosis
Term
Advanced s/s of AS: 9
Definition
potential for fracture
Term
Advanced s/s of AS: 10
Definition
atlantoaxial joint subluxation
Term
Advanced s/s of AS: 11
Definition
rigid gait
Term
Advanced s/s of AS: 12
Definition
systemic manifestations
Term
If AS is suspected what should the PT do?
Definition
test for spinal mobility
Term
If a patient is tested for Spinal Mobility, with a positive test, what should be reveald
Definition
signifcant loss of motion that progresses caudally
Term
Treatment for AS should include
Definition
trunk ROM, strength exercises, avoiding smoking&obesity, education
Term
What are discs composed of
Definition
connective tissue (collagen)
Term
What is the role of the disc
Definition
withstand tension and pressure
Term
What is the outer portion of the spinal disc called?
Definition
annulus fibrosus
Term
The annulus fibrosis is composed of what thype of collagen fibers
Definition
type 1
Term
These type 1 collagen fibers connect directly to what?
Definition
vertebral bodies
Term
The inner annulus fibrosus is comprised of what?
Definition
type II collagen, fibrocartilaginous matrix
Term
What is the center of the disc?
Definition
nucleus pulposus
Term
Viscoelastic with a high concentration of proteoglycans
Definition
nucleus pulposus
Term
The composition of the nucelus pulposus makes it cushion-like to do what?
Definition
transmit loading forces to the outer annular layer and vertebral endplate
Term
stretching or tearing of musculotendinous unit
Definition
strain
Term
injury to a joint's ligament caused by excessive or abnormal joint motion
Definition
sprain
Term
Sprain/Strain: Grade 1
Definition
stretching or minor tearing of a small number of fibers without a loss of structural integrity
Term
Sprain/Strain: Grade 2
Definition
partial tearing of tissue with resultant loss of integrity
Term
Sprain/Strain: Grade 3
Definition
significant tear with complete loss of biomechanical integegrity, usually requiring surgical repair
Term
Sprains/Strains PTI
Definition
RICE
Term
RICE
Definition
Raise, Ice, Compress, Elevate
Term
Strains/Sprain Common PTI
Definition
cryotherapy, whirlpool, exercise to increase strength, proprioception, flexibility
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