Term
| a defect in the continuity of a bone |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Most common type of fracture |
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Definition
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Term
| Risk factors for fractures: 1 |
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Definition
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Term
| Risk factors for fractures: 2 |
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Definition
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Term
| Risk factors for fractures: 3 |
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Definition
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Term
| Risk factors for fractures: 4 |
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Definition
| resident at long term facility |
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Term
| Risk factors for fractures: 5 |
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Definition
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Term
| Risk factors for fractures: 6 |
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Definition
| diminished physical function |
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Term
| Risk factors for fractures: 7 |
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Definition
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Term
| What physical attributes may lead to fracture? |
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Definition
| decreased bone density, leg length discrepancy, low BMI, poor nutrition |
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Term
| Risk factors for fractures: 8 |
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Definition
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Term
| Risk factors for fractures: 9 |
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Definition
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Term
| Risk factors for fractures: 10 |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens immediately after a fracture? |
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Definition
| loss of blood supply, ischemia, resultant death of osteocytes |
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Term
| After loss of blood supply and ischemia due to a fracture, what happens next |
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Definition
| macrophages remove dead bone cells and damaged bone |
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Term
| After macrophages have performed clean up of the damaged bone what happens next |
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Definition
| hematoma forms within 48-72 hours of fx |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| After formation of a hematoma due to a fracture what happens next? |
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Definition
| clotting factors initiate formation of a fibrin network |
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Term
| What does formation of a fibrin network allow for? |
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Definition
| fibroblasts and capillary buds to the area |
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Term
| After formation of the fibrin network what happens to the fracture next? |
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Definition
| formation of a fibrocartilaginous collar/callus forms around the site |
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Term
| Why is important the callus forms around the fx site? |
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Definition
| allows the bone ends to unite |
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Term
| After the bone ends unite what happens to the cartilage collar? |
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Definition
| ossifies through the use of osteoblasts |
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Term
| After the bone ends unite what happens next? |
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Definition
| excess bony callous is resorbed and the bone is remodeled depending on the stresses put on it |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| consolidation and remodeling of the bone |
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Term
| What is a comminuted fracture? |
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Definition
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Term
| Fracture that heals in an unsatisfactory position and may result in deformation |
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Definition
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Term
| Fracture that takes an abnormally long time to heal |
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Definition
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Term
| fracture that fails to heal |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fall on an outstretched hand |
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Term
| fracture of the base of the 5th metatarsal |
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Definition
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Term
| fracture of the distal radius and ulnar styloid in which the distal segment is displaced posteriorly |
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Definition
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Term
| How is a colle's fracture usually caused? |
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Definition
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Term
| oblique fracture of the lateral malleolus and a transerve fx of teh medial malleolus. May involve an avulsion fx of the talus |
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Definition
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Term
| tearing of a ligament/tendon which results in a chunk of bone being pulled off as well |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Leading cause of death in individuals >65 yrs old |
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Definition
| complications following a fall |
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Term
| X-rays may be _____ with stress fractures |
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Definition
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Term
| Osteonecrosis is also known as |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is Osteonecrosis/AVN seen at most often? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| compromise of blood supply |
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Term
| What may occur with AVN sometimes? |
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Definition
| articular cartilage may be lifted off of the underlying bone |
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Term
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Definition
| damage is permanent, no healing of necrotic bone tissue |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| At the time of fracture, there will be a _____ ______ ______ of AVN symptoms |
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Definition
| sudden significant worsening |
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Term
| What are symptoms of fracture as a result of AVN? |
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Definition
| increased pain, decreased ROM |
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Term
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Definition
| if the patient notices, advice to communicate with physician |
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Term
| characterized by abnormal bone remodeling with increased bone resportion and excessive, unorganized new bone caused by activated osteoclasts |
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Definition
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Term
| Etiology of Paget's disease |
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Definition
| genetic basis, environmental factors |
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Term
| Paget's Disease: Initial Resorptive Stage |
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Definition
| osteoclasts proliferate uncontrolled causing rapid bone resorption |
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Term
| What happens to osteoblastic activity during the Initial resportive stage of pagets disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| What replaces the bone that has been lost in the initial resorptive stage of Pagets? |
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Definition
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Term
| Pagets Osteoblastic sclerotic phase |
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Definition
| cancellous bone is replaced by coarse thickened trabecular bone and cortical bone is thickened and roughened |
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Term
| What happens as a result of the osteoblastic sclerotic phase? |
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Definition
| heavily calcified but weakend bones |
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Term
| Final Stage of Pagets Disease |
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Definition
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Term
| Paget's Musculoskeletal S/S: 1 |
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Definition
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Term
| Paget's Musculoskeletal S/S: 2 |
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Definition
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Term
| What bony deformities occur with Paget's disease |
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Definition
| kyphosis, bowing of leg bones |
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Term
| Paget's Musculoskeletal S/S: 3 |
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Definition
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Term
| What resultant symptoms occur as a result of Hypercalcemia due to Paget's? |
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Definition
| fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, constipation |
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Term
| Paget's Musculoskeletal S/S: 4 |
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Definition
| most common areas include skull, spine, pelvic, femur, tibias |
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Term
| Paget's Musculoskeletal S/S: 5 |
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Definition
| pathologic fracture in proximal femurs, pelvis, lumbar spine |
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Term
| Extraskeletal manifestations of Paget's: neurologics |
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Definition
| nerve compression, confusion, hearing loss |
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Term
| Extraskeletal manifestations of Pagets: cardiovascular |
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Definition
| increased cardiac output and vascularity over involved bone, heart failure |
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Term
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Definition
| exercise, patient education |
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Term
| What does exercise do for Paget's |
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Definition
| maintain skeletal health, minimize skeletal complications and deformity, control pain, weight control, improve CV function, maintain muscular strength and joint motion |
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Term
| Why is Patient educaiton important for Paget's |
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Definition
| recognition of possible fracture, pre/post operative care, prescribing proper assistive devices |
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Term
| disorder of the entire synovial joint, not just articular cartilage |
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Definition
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Term
| OA is characterized by what |
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Definition
| tissue destruction and aberrant repair as the result of alterations in cell function |
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Term
| Normal function of articular cartialge includes what? |
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Definition
| provide a smooth, friction-free surface for joint articulation |
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Term
| First thing that happens with OA |
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Definition
| inflammatory cells infiltrate articular cartilage and break it down |
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Term
| After the inflammatory cells break down the articular cartilage what happens next |
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Definition
| proteins degrade the extracellualr matrix of the cartilage |
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Term
| What happens as cartilage is destroyed due to OA |
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Definition
| bony overgrowth, ligamentous laxity, muscle weakness, atrophy, joint pain |
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Term
| What happens as a result of thinning cartilage |
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Definition
| exposure of underlying subchondral bone |
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Term
| Why does the joint space narrow in OA? |
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Definition
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Term
| As the joint space narrows due to thinning of the cartilage what happens |
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Definition
| sclerosis of the subchondral bone occurs |
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Term
| In OA, what leads to mechanical joint failure and loss of function |
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Definition
| osteophytes form at the joint margins |
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Term
| WHat else can cause degeneration of the articular cartialge |
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Definition
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Term
| Why can immobility cause degeneration of the articular cartilage |
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Definition
| without mechanical loading/unloading delivery of nuterients to the chondrocytes is interrupted and structural changes may occur |
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Term
| How do symptoms of OA occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Pain associated with OA is especially associated where |
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Definition
| Weight bearing joints such as knees, hips, spine |
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Term
| Pain associated with OA is described as |
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Definition
| deep ache that increases with activity and feels better with rest |
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Term
| Pain with OA may be accompanied by |
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Definition
| stiffness, tenderness, subluxation, crepitus, loss of motion and function |
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Term
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Definition
| individualized exercises, to maximize function while preventing exarcebation |
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Term
| OA PTI: Exercise has been proven to |
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Definition
| reduce pain, improve function, strength, gait, improve quality of life |
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Term
| chronic, systemic inflammatory immune disease affecting articular and extraarticular components |
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Definition
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Term
| WHy does joint inflammation occur during RA |
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Definition
| massive infiltration of immune cells, especially T-lymphocytes, into the synovial fluid |
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Term
| These two antibodies react with each other in the blood and initiate an inflammatory reaction |
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Definition
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Term
| THe immune reaction associated with RA may occur where? |
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Definition
| intra or extra articularly |
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Term
| What happens as a result of inflammation of synovial joints |
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Definition
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Term
| How do leukocytes infiltrate the joint? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHen the leukocytes infiltrate the joint from the peripheral circulation, what happens |
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Definition
| synovium becomes edematous and inflammed |
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Term
| After the synovium becomes edematous and inflammed what happens? |
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Definition
| phagocytosis of immune complexes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| destruction of the articular cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hyperplasia of the synovium |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What happens as a result of the synovium becoming edematous and inflammed |
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Definition
| thickening and destruction of the tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| thickened synovial tissue |
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Term
| The inflammatory cells within the pannus do not let the synovium perform its two primary functions |
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Definition
| joint lubrication, providing avascular cartilage with nturients |
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Term
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Definition
| insidiously and progressively widespread |
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Term
| RA has what kind of involvement of joints? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which are the most common joint affected by RA? |
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Definition
| wrists, hands, knees, fingers, feet |
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Term
| A patient might describe joints with RA as |
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Definition
| swollen, warm, painful, stiff |
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Term
| RA symptoms are generally worse following period of ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| RA Common hand/finger deformities: 1 |
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Definition
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Term
| RA Common hand/finger deformities: 2 |
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Definition
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Term
| RA Common hand/finger deformities: 3 |
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Definition
| formation of rheumatoid nodules |
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Term
| RA Common hand/finger deformities: 4 |
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Definition
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Term
| RA also affect the joints of what body part, due to being purely synoival |
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Definition
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Term
| RA of the neck often leads to |
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Definition
| Pain, headaches, UE paresthesia, ligamentous instability |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Lightamentous instability leads to what |
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Definition
| vertebrobasilar insuffiency |
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Term
| Vertebrobasilar insuffiency leads to what |
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Definition
| visual disturbances, balance dysfunction, tinnitus, dysphagia |
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Term
| Extracellular Manifestations of RA: 1 |
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Definition
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Term
| Extracellular Manifestations of RA: 2 |
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Definition
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Term
| Extracellular Manifestations of RA: 3 |
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Definition
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Term
| Extracellular Manifestations of RA: 4 |
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Definition
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Term
| Extracellular Manifestations of RA: 5 |
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Definition
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Term
| Extracellular Manifestations of RA: 6 |
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Definition
| involvement of cardiac, ocular, renal, vascular and lymphatic systems |
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Term
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Definition
| avoid certain manual treatments, adjusted exercise intensity, precautions with joint instability |
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Term
| inflammatory disease typically affecting the axial skeleton and appendicular too |
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Definition
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Term
| Disruption of the ligamentous-osseous junction and the resultant formation of bone is a result of what in AS? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does AS usually start? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHy is bone layed down at the ligamentous-osseous junction? |
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Definition
| attempt to repair the inflammed joint |
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Term
| WHat is a hallmark of AS? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to the lumbopelvic region as a result of AS? |
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Definition
| becomes one large, osseous mass with no joints or movement |
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Term
| Severe Pain with AS ____ when inactive, _____ with activity |
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Definition
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Term
| Changes in spinal curvature associated with AS include a ______ in lordosis and an ____ in kyphosis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| change in spinal curvature |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| decreased chest wall excursion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| atlantoaxial joint subluxation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| If AS is suspected what should the PT do? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a patient is tested for Spinal Mobility, with a positive test, what should be reveald |
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Definition
| signifcant loss of motion that progresses caudally |
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Term
| Treatment for AS should include |
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Definition
| trunk ROM, strength exercises, avoiding smoking&obesity, education |
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Term
| What are discs composed of |
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Definition
| connective tissue (collagen) |
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Term
| What is the role of the disc |
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Definition
| withstand tension and pressure |
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Term
| What is the outer portion of the spinal disc called? |
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Definition
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Term
| The annulus fibrosis is composed of what thype of collagen fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| These type 1 collagen fibers connect directly to what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The inner annulus fibrosus is comprised of what? |
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Definition
| type II collagen, fibrocartilaginous matrix |
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Term
| What is the center of the disc? |
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Definition
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Term
| Viscoelastic with a high concentration of proteoglycans |
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Definition
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Term
| The composition of the nucelus pulposus makes it cushion-like to do what? |
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Definition
| transmit loading forces to the outer annular layer and vertebral endplate |
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Term
| stretching or tearing of musculotendinous unit |
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Definition
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Term
| injury to a joint's ligament caused by excessive or abnormal joint motion |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stretching or minor tearing of a small number of fibers without a loss of structural integrity |
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Term
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Definition
| partial tearing of tissue with resultant loss of integrity |
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Term
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Definition
| significant tear with complete loss of biomechanical integegrity, usually requiring surgical repair |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Raise, Ice, Compress, Elevate |
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Term
| Strains/Sprain Common PTI |
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Definition
| cryotherapy, whirlpool, exercise to increase strength, proprioception, flexibility |
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