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Boles - Chapter 26 & 27 Quiz
Synthesis & Degradation of Nucleotides and Metabolism of Organ Systems
50
Biochemistry
Undergraduate 4
04/23/2013

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Term
de novo
Definition
anew, from scratch
Term
T or F: The ribose portion of a nucleotide can be used as a fuel source, but the purine and pyrimidine rings cannot.
Definition
True
Term
Folic acid
Definition
a B vitamin found in green plants, fruit, yeast and liver
Term
tetrahydrofolate (THF)
Definition
active form of folic acid that can accept and donate one-carbon units
Term
______________ pathways are good targets for anti-cancer/antibacterial strategies since they represent fast growing cells.
Definition
nucleotide synthesis
Term
__________ is the limiting substance for purine synthesis.
Definition
PRPP
Term
ADP & GDP are negative allosteric effectors of _______________________.
Definition
Ribose-5-Phosphate Pyrophosphokinase
Term
____________ is the committed step in purine synthesis.
Definition
Gln PRPP amidotransferase
Term
_______ inhibit Gln PRPP amidotransferase by feedback inhibition - but at distinct allosteric sites.
Definition
G- and A- nucleotides
Term
________ serves as a precursor to GTP and ATP.
Definition
IMP
Term
__________ are one carbon acceptors and donors.
Definition
Folates
Term
Oxidation numbers
Definition
Oxidation numbers are calculated by assigning valence bond electrons to the more electronegative atom and then counting the charge on the quasi ion
Term
______ is the energy input for AMP synthesis, whereas ___ is energy input for GMP.
Definition
GTP;ATP
Term
___________, a product in the synthesis of AMP, is a link with the citric acid cycle.
Definition
Fumarate
Term
__________ is a nitrogen donor in AMP synthesis.
Definition
Aspartic acid
Term
________ is a nitrogen donor in GMP synthesis
Definition
Glutamatic acid
Term
___________, or the synthesis and degradation of amino acids, is an ongoing process in most cells.
Definition
Amino acid turnover
Term
_____ is usually the most actively synthesized and degraded nucleic compound.
Definition
mRNA
Term
Salvage pathways collect hypoxanthine and guanine and recombine them with PRPP to form nucleotides in the ______________.
Definition
HGPRT reactions
Term
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Definition
deficiency in HGRPT; gouty arthritis
Term
Purine degradation in animals leads to an accumulation of ____________.
Definition
uric acid
Term
Nitrogen is excreted as ________ and ______ in mammals.
Definition
urea; uric acid
Term
Nitrogen is excreted as _______ in reptiles and birds.
Definition
uric acid
Term
Nitrogen is excreted as ________ or _________ in fish and amphibians.
Definition
urea; ammonia
Term
Describe the process of degradation of AMP.
Definition
AMP (nucleotidase) -> Adenosine (adenosine deaminase) -> Inosine (purine nucleoside phosphorylase) -> Hypoxanthine (Xanthine oxidase) -> Xanthine (XO) -> Uric acid
Term
Describe the process of degradation for GMP.
Definition
GMP (nucleosidase) -> guanosine (PNP) -> Guanine (guanine deaminase) -> Xanthine (xanthine oxidase) -> uric acid
Term
T or F: Pyrdimidines are synthesized as nucleotides.
Definition
False; the pyrimidine ring is synthesized before ribose-5-phosphate is added.
Term
___________ and ___________ are the precursors of the six atoms of the pyrimidine ring.
Definition
Carbamoyl-phosphate and aspartate
Term
______________ is the committed step in pyrimidine synthesis.
Definition
Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase II
Term
metabolic channeling
Definition
the transfer of metabolites between different enzymic sites on a multifunctional polypeptide
Term
________ is the end result of the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway.
Definition
UMP
Term
Pyrimidine Biosynthesis is Regulated at _______ in Bacteria and at _________ in Animals
Definition
ATCase; CPS II
Term
Free pyrimidines are salvaged and recycled to form nucleotides via _______________ reactions.
Definition
phosphoribosyltransferase
Term
True or False: In humans, free pyrimidine bases are salvaged.
Definition
False
Term
Catabolism of _______________ and uracil yields beta-alanine, ammonium ion, and CO2.
Definition
cytosine
Term
Catabolism of _____________ yields beta-aminoisobutyric acid, ammonium ion, and CO2.
Definition
thymine
Term
Replacement of 2'-OH of nucleotides with hydride is catalyzed by _____________.
Definition
ribonucleotide reductase
Term
Why is ribonucleotide reductase activity modulated?
Definition
1. catalytic activity turned off/on according to need for dNTPs
2. control amount of NTP substrates transformed
Term
_________ activates ribonucleotide reductase while ___________ inhibits it.
Definition
ATP, dATP
Term
Thymine nucleotides are made from ____, which derives from dUDP, dCDP.
Definition
dUMP
Term
_______________ methylates dUMP at 5-position to make dTMP.
Definition
Thymidylate synthase
Term
T or F: Fluorosubstituted agents are often useful drug candidates.
Definition
True
Term
The methyl donor in the thymidylate cycle is the one-carbon folic acid derivative _______________________.
Definition
N5,N10-methylene-THF
Term
_______ and ______ couple catabolism (where they are generated) and anabolism (where they are necessary for energy.)
Definition
ATP and NADPH
Term
What are the three types of stoichiometry?
Definition
1. reaction (products = reactants)
2. obligate coupling (mvmt of electrons)
3. evolved coupling (ATP balance)
Term
____________ is the moles of ATP produced or consumed per mole of substrate converted (or product formed).
Definition
Coupling coefficient
Term
Hexokinase's coupling coefficient
Definition
-1
Term
Pyruvate kinase's coupling coefficient
Definition
+1
Term
Name the two roles of ATP in metabolism.
Definition
1. stoichiometric role: energy currency
2. allosteric effector
Term
Four fates of glucose-6-phosphate in metabolism.
Definition
1. converted to glycogen
2. released as blood glucose
3. pentose phosphate pathway (yields NADPH and pentoses)
4. catabolized to acetyl-CoA for fatty acid synthesis
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