Term
| Pathways that can be either anabolic or catabolic depending on the energy needs of the cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| These small organic compounds are required in the diet of higher organisms and are transformed into coenzymes. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ is a metabolic process in which the varied and complex macromolecules are synthesized from simpler precursors. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: Catabolism is reductive, but anabolism is oxidative. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _______ is the comlete set of low-molecular weight molecules present in an organism under a given set of circumstances. |
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Definition
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Term
| The Type IV isozyme of Hexokinase is active at __________ glucose levels allowing the liver to respond to rapid changes in glucose concentration. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the glycolytic enzymes which catalyze substrate level phosphorylations. |
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Definition
Phosphoglycerate Kinase
Pyruvate Kinase |
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Term
| What is the role of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate? |
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Definition
| Activates phosphofructokinase, restoring the dependence of enzyme activity on substance concentration |
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Term
| SEven of the ten reactions in the glycolytic pathway have free energy values close to zero. What does this tell us about those reactions? |
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Definition
| They are near equilibrium and are readily reversible reactions, but they are not control points for regulation. |
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Term
Which of the following is not a metaboliccaly irreversible enzymatic reaction of glycolysis?
A. Pyruvate kinase rxn
B. PFK rxn
C. Hexokinase/Glucokinase rxn
D. None |
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Definition
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Term
| Glycolysis produces a net of ______ ATP per molecule of glucose. |
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Definition
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Term
| This protein transports Pyruvate across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the matrix. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the molecular weight cut-off for molecules passing through the outer mitochondrial membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the components of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex? |
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Definition
Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase
pyruvate dehydrogenase
dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase |
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Term
| True or False: Many of the enzymatic reactions in the TCA cycle are substrate level phosphorylation. |
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Definition
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Term
| What inhibits isocitrate dehydrogenase? Activates it? |
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Definition
| ATP and NADH; ADP and NAD+ |
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Term
| True or False: In the ETC, electrons are eventually passed from NADH and FADH2 to O2, where O2 is the terminal electron acceptor. |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is not a lipid soluble or lipid associate "mobile electron carrier?"
A. Cyt c
B. UQ
C. UQH2
D. None |
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Definition
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Term
| FADH2 provides electrons to which complex (I, II, III or IV) in the ETC? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex functions as a "flexible swinging arm" as it transfers the rxn intermediate between active sites? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which complex (I, II, III or IV) does not directly participate in the mitochondrial proton gradient? |
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Definition
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Term
| In mitochondria, protons are pumped from the _____ to the ______. |
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Definition
| mitochondrial matrix; intermembrane space |
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Term
| In complex III, UQH2 passes electrons to ___________ for transfer to complex IV. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: The Qn site of complex III feeds the UQH2 pool with protons from the matrix side. |
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Definition
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Term
| This enzyme is a membrane protein that couples the citric acid cycle to the ETC. |
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Definition
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Term
| The F1 portion of ATP Synthase has three distinct binding sites. What are they? |
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Definition
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Term
| As part of the function of ATP Synthase, transported protons flow from the inlet half-channel to ____ residues. |
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Definition
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Term
| Carbon assimilation occurs in the ______ reactions. |
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Definition
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Term
| Photosystem I and PSII are embedded in the __________ |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: Protons are pumped from the stroma to the lumen of the thylakoid. |
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Definition
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Term
| The membrane associate mobile carrier of electrons in photosynthesis is ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| In photosynthesis, electrons for transport are obtained via the oxidation of _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: Photosynthetic ATp synthesis occurs in the lumen. |
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Definition
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Term
| In photosynthesis, electrons flow from H20 and ultimately to ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or FAlse: Rubisco, rubisco activase, and several Calvin cycle enzymes are more active at acidic pH. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which Calvin Cycle enzyme converts Glucose-6-Phosphate to Glucose? |
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Definition
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Term
| In plants, solar energy is captured in chemical form as __________ and _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: Photosystem I splits H2O, produces O2, and feeds the electrons released into the associated ETC. |
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Definition
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Term
| The oxidation of H2O to O2 takes place within the ______________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Increasing concentration of which two metabolites shift Pyruvate towards gluconeogenesis rather than the TCA cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| The reaction that initiates gluconeogenesis is catalyzed by which enzyme? |
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Definition
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Term
| _________, a product of lipid catabolism, can be converted into ketone bodies. |
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Definition
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Term
| Glycogen phosphorylase cleaves glucose from the ________ of glycogen molecules. |
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Definition
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Term
| Glucose is exported to the circulation by __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________, a second messenger, activates glycogen breakdown and glycolysis in response to insulin. |
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Definition
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Term
| The pentose phosphate pathway provides a constant supply of _________ in the first few reactions. |
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Definition
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Term
| Ribulose-5-Phosphate can be converted to _________ if the cell requires the synthesis of nucleic acids. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is centrally involved in the reciprocal regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. |
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Definition
| Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate |
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Term
| Glycogen particles are built around a single protein called __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| In addition to AMP, phosphorylate Glycogen Synthase is activated by ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| This 29-residue peptide stimulates glycogen breakdown. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is the donor of glucose units for glycogen synthesis. |
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Definition
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Term
| How can NAD+ be made available to glycolytic enzymes under anaerobic conditions? |
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Definition
| In oxygen depleted muscle, NAD+ is regenerated via the lactate dehydro rxn, which oxidizes NADH to NAD+ |
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Term
| T or F: Phosphorylation of glucose prevents it from exiting the cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: Hexokinase IV (Glucokinase) is only subject to feed-back allosteric inhibition at very high substrate conc. due to its high Km value. |
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Definition
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Term
| Pyruvate Kinase is inhibited by which molecules? Activated by? |
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Definition
| ATP and acetyl-CoA, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate; AMP |
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Term
| What is the primary allosteric activator of phosphofructokinase? |
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Definition
| Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate |
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Term
| _______, a decomposition product of triglycerides, can be used to fuel glycolysis. |
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Definition
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Term
| How does pyruvate get into the matrix of the mitochondria. |
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Definition
| 1) It diffuses through the outer membrane and 2) is then transported across the inner membrane by pyruvate translocase. |
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Term
| How can succinate dehydrogenase activity be measured spetrophotometrically? |
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Definition
| The FAD+ absorbs color, while FADH2 does not. What the absorbance change over time. |
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Term
| T or F: ATP and NADH are negative regulators of isocitrate dehydrogenase. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is the process used by plants to grow using acetate as a food source. |
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Definition
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Term
| The reaction by which Acetyl-Coa is formed is called _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| This enzyme serves as a link between the TCA cycle and the ETC. |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following does not catalyze an anaplerotic reaction in the TCA cycle?
A. PEP carboxylase
B. Pyruvate carboxylase
C. Malate carboxylase
D. Malic enzyme |
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Definition
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Term
| T or F: Coenzyme Q is a membrane associated "mobile electron carrier" in the ETC. |
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Definition
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Term
| Label the variables: G0'=-nFE0 |
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Definition
| Free energy change, # of e-, Faraday's constant, diff in redux potentials |
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Term
| T or F: the Qn site of complex III passes electrons to Cyt c and the Qn site, and also transports protons into the inter membrane space. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ binds on the cytosilic face of Complex IV, transferring elctrons through the heme centers to reduce O2 |
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Definition
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Term
| T or F: the malate-aspartate shuttle uses malate to carry electrons across the inner mito membrane to make cytosolic NADH available to the ETC. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe what must occur to generate fully active Rubisco. |
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Definition
1)Rubisco activase, activated by light and ATP, causes rubisco to release RuBP
2) Carbamylation and Mg binding then activate Rubisco |
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Term
| PSII(P680)cycles through _____ oxidation states, releasing 1 e- and 1 H+ in each step. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is a membrane protein that shuttles electrons from PSII to cyt b6f. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ carries electrons from cyt b6f to PSI. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the final CO2 acceptor in carbon fixation? |
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Definition
| Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate |
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Term
| T or F: Transporter T1 takes glucose-6-phosphate into the ER, where it is hydrolyzed by G6P phosphatase. |
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Definition
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