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Body Tissues and Integumentary System
Chapters 4 and 5
93
Physiology
Undergraduate 1
09/16/2010

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Cards

Term
4 kinds of body tissues
Definition

Epithelial

Connective

Muscle

Nervous

Term
Characteristics of epithelial tissue
Definition

Densely packed

Frequent cell division

Avascular

Attached to basement membrane

Term
Functions of epithelial tissue
Definition
Prevents drying, injury, infection; some secrete mucous, are ciliated and absorb substances
Term
Examples of simple-squamous epithelial tissue
Definition
alveoli (gas exchange) and capillaries
Term
What kind of cells are skin epithelium?
Definition
Stratified squamous (5 layers)
Term
What kinds of organs have transitional epithelium?
Definition
Those that need to stretch, e.g. urinary bladder
Term
Functions of connective tissue
Definition
binds, supports, protects, fills spaces, stores energy as fat and circulates materials (blood)
Term
MATRIX
Definition
the non-living substance of connective tissue; is secreted by the cells and located between cells; is what gives the various CTs it's characteristics
Term
4 kinds of connective tissue
Definition

Bone

Cartilage

Fibrous

Blood

Term
Chondrocyte
Definition
Cells of cartilage
Term
3 kinds of cartilage
Definition

Hyaline

Elastic

Fibrous

Term
Blood supply of cartilage is
Definition
non-existant.  Cartilage is avascular
Term
Adipose
Definition
is a loose/areolar coccective tissue.  It has minimal matrix, rather it's cells swell with fat.  Protection and energy storage.
Term
Loose CT
Definition

=Areolar CT

A type of fibrous CT, b/t tissues and organs, binds them, collogen and elastin matrix

Term
Dense CT
Definition

A type of fibrous CT, thick collagen bundles binding tissues together

2 kinds are:

Regular as in tendons and ligaments

Irregular, can take multidirectional forces

Term
Reticular CT
Definition
A type of fibrous CT, lymph tissue only
Term
Where is dense irregular CT
Definition
Dermis and joint capsules
Term
Most common cartilage is
Definition
Hyaline
Term
Hyaline Cartilage
Definition
fine collogen fibers, strong and flexible.  E.g. nose, ends of bones, trachea and fetal skeleton
Term
Elastic Cartilage
Definition
e.g. outer ear, very flexible
Term
Fibrous Cartilage
Definition
strong to withstand tension and pressure.  Located in vertebral discs and knee pads
Term
2 kinds of bone
Definition
Compact and spongy
Term
What are the minerals in bone
Definition

Calcium and phosphurus in the form of

calcium phosphate

Term
Fibers of bone are
Definition
collagen
Term
Trabeculae
Definition
collagenous rods and plates of spngy bone
Term
Where are red blood cells formed in adults?
Definition
In the red bone marrow of certain long bones
Term
Formed Elements
Definition

The solid stuff in blood plasma. 

3 kinds

RBCs

WBCs

Platelettes

Term
Thrombocytes
Definition
are platelettes.  They are not actual cells, but part of a megakaryocyte from marrow
Term
How is blood different than all other connective tissue?
Definition
it's matrix of plasma in not made by it's cells
Term
3 kinds of muscle tissue
Definition

skeletal

smooth

cardiac

Term
Skeletal muscle
Definition
voluntary short but strong contractions, shortening the actin/myosin filaments arranged in striated pattern; multinucleated
Term
Smooth Muscle
Definition

=visceral muscle, not voluntary

Contractions are long and weaker, also inherant to the tissue itself.  Contractions are rhythmic.  Lines hollow viscer and blood vessels.

Term
3 kinds of Matrix fibers
Definition

Collagen

Elastic

Reticular fibers

Term
Cardiac Muscle
Definition

Heart only

Striated with quick/strong contractions (like skeletal) but inherent rhythmic contractions (like smooth).  Uninucleated cells that are branched, looks like big mass; cells connected at intercalculated discs

Term
Intercalculated Discs
Definition
The connection between cardiac cells.  Are folded plasma membranes between 2 cells with adhesion and gap junctions allowing almost simultaneous contraction of all cells
Term
Axon bundles in the CNS and PNS are
Definition
Tracts and nerves
Term
Ratio of Neuroglia to Neurons
Definition
9:1, makes 50% volume of brain
Term
4 types of neuroglia in the CNS
Definition

Microglia

Astrocytes

Oligodendrocytes

Ependymal cells

Term
MICROGLIA
Definition

Neuroglia of CNS

engulf foreign stuff

Term
ASTROCYTES
Definition
CNS neroglia nutrition and growth factor
Term
OLIGODENDROCYTES
Definition
CNS neuroglia - myelin production
Term
EPENDYMAL CELLS
Definition
CNS neroglia that line ventricles
Term
Neuroglia of the PNS
Definition
Schwann Cells
Term
Schwann Cells
Definition
Neuroglia of the PNS that surround long nerves and helf conduction with Nodes of Ranvier; they provide the myelin sheath
Term
Nodes of Ranvier
Definition
gaps b/t schwann cells of PNS that speeds condution
Term
3 kinds of extracellular junctions
Definition

Tight

Gap

Adhesion

Term
Tight cell junction
Definition
membranes join for impermeable membrane, e.g. stomach and kidneys
Term
Adhesion Junction
Definition

=DESMOSOME

membranes don't touch but are help together by filaments attached to membrane protein plaques, e.g. heart and uterus to prevent tearing

Term
DESMOSOME
Definition
=adhesion junction
Term
2 kinds of glands
Definition

exocrine - secrete to outer surface, e.g. mammary, sweat, pancreas

endocrine - ductless internal secretion into blood

Term
example of a singe celled gland
Definition
Goblet cell - mucouse secretion
Term
5 types of membranes
Definition

Mucous

Serous

Synovial

Menengies

Cutaneous

Term
Mucous Membranes
Definition
Lines the interior walls of openings to outside.  Made of epithelium with goblet cells over loos CT.  Protects from pathogens or harsh conditions (stomach acid, e.g.)
Term
Serous Membranes
Definition
lines cavities, has parietal and visceral components.  Are simple squamous over loose CT.  Secretes serous fluid.  Compartamentalize cavities, preventing spread of infection.  Are 3 kinds.
Term
3 serous membranes
Definition

Pleurae

Pericardium

Peritoneum

Term
MESENTARY
Definition
Visceral peritoneum that forms double layer supporting abdominopelvic organs
Term
CUTANEOUS MEMBRANE
Definition
skin
Term
Average area skin (adult)
Definition
2m2 or 20ft2
Term
EPIDERMIS
Definition

Stratified squamous, 5 layers

Deep in epidermis are melanocytes and langerhaus cells

Term
Location of melanocytes
Definition
Deep in the epidermis
Term
Langerhaus Cells
Definition
Deep within the epidermis, are WBC macrophages that kill microbes and bring to lymph
Term
Epidermal "pigments"
Definition

Melanin

Carotene

Hemoglobin

Term
DERMIS
Definition
Anchored to epidermis with dermal papillae; collagen and elastin fibers; has sensory fibers; is vascular
Term
HYPODERMIS
Definition
Loose CT including adipose
Term
Where do hair follicles originate?
Definition
the dermis
Term
LANULA
Definition
the white base of nails where cells are rapidly dividing
Term
SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS
Definition

=sweat glands

Are everywhere and originate at the dermis; secrete by exocytosis

Term
2 kinds of sweat glands
Definition

Appocrine - open to hair follicle in pubic areas and armpits, start secreting at puberty

Eccrine - open to skin to decrease temp; mostly water with some waste like urea (assists kidneys)

Term
CERUMINOUS GLANDS
Definition
ear wax glands; modified sweat gland
Term
Mammary Glands
Definition
modified apocrine sweat glands
Term
Impetigo
Definition
Contagious bacterial infection of skin, pustules and crust, usually kids
Term
Psoriasis
Definition
pink/red patches from increases cell division
Term
Eczema
Definition
irritation to skin, scaly and itchy
Term
Cause of dandruff
Definition
increased keritinization
Term
Uticaria
Definition
Hives
Term
3 kinds of skin cancer
Definition

Basal cell carcinoma - 95% cure rate, most common

Squamous cell carcinoma -less common, may spread locally, so may remove lymph also

Melanoma -

Term
Melanoma
Definition
most deadly and metastisizes, so remove even muscle tissue; increased risk with increased moles, and related to sun exposure before age 14.  Incidence up 2X last decade
Term
Stages of wound healing
Definition

1- inflammation and bleeding

2- clotting to decrease blood loss and germ spread

3- Fibroblasts close wound with tissue regeneration

4- basal layer produces faster

5- Fibroblasts produce a scar - collogen for strength - no sensation in a scar

Term
Aging and the integument
Definition

Epidermal layer as think but decreased mitosis

Dermis loses thickness

Dermal papillae are flatter (sagging)

Decreases adipose in hypodermis (colder)

Less collagen

Elastin fibers decrease

Melanocytes decrease, those remaining enlarge

Term
3 causes of wrinkles
Definition

Looser skin

Fewer and more disorganized fibers

Less padding in hypodermis

Term
6 functions of the skin
Definition
  1. Protection - trauma, UV, germs
  2. Regulates water loss
  3. Assists urinary system with urea excretion
  4. Produced vitimin D for Calcium absorption
  5. Sensation - touch, pressure, pain, temp
  6. Body temperature regulation - sweat glands, goose bumps
Term
3 ways the skin fights infection?
Definition
  1. Sebum secretion
  2. Langerhaus cells
  3. Physical barrier
Term
Degrees of burns
Definition

1st - only epidermis, red and some pain

2nd - epidermis and some of dermis, blisters

3rd - dermis/epidermis, kills all accessory organs

4th - to bone, usually death unless very small

Term
When is a burn critical?
Definition
  • 25% of body 2nd degree
  • 10% body 3rd degree
  • 4th degree anywhere
  • 3rd degree on face, hands or feet
Term
The rule of 9s
Definition

Head and neck - 9%

Thorax - 36%

Each arm - 9%

Each leg - 18%

Groin - 1%

Term
Of what is cartilage matrix composed?
Definition
Chondroitin sulfate
Term
Examples of mucous secreting membranes
Definition
Trachea, thymus, lungs, thyroid and pericardium
Term
What is the most abundant and widely dispersed tissue in the body?
Definition
Connective Tissue
Term
Critical issue with and treatment of burns
Definition
is fluid loss.  Blood volume decreases, BP down, electrolyte balance off, decreased body temp (water is an insulator).  Treatment give NaCl solution to pull fluid from interstitial tissues.
Term

Essay:

Compare the appearance of three types of muscle tissue

Definition
  • Skeletal muscle tissue is composed of alternating long, cylindrical fibers of actin and myosin protein.  This pattern creates a striated appearance.  Each cell is multinucleated.
  • Smooth muscle is not striated, it's spindle-shaped cells have no regular pattern. 
  • Cardiac tissue is striated, but it's cells are uninucleated.  Each individual cell is branched and attached to other cells via intercalculated discs, giving the appearance of a large singular mass.  The intercalculated discs contain desmosomes (cells don't touch, adhered with protein plaques) and gap junctions (cells connected via membrane channels). 
Term

Essay:

Compare the three types of fibers found in connective tissue

Definition

Collagen -- hard and somewhat flexible, found in vaeious types of CT.

     Fibrous CT

          Loose(areolar) -- some in adipose, e.g.

          Dense

               regular -- parallel bundles like tendons and ligaments

               irregular -- like dermis and joint capsules

     Cartilage

          Hyaline -- fine collagen fibers, e.g. nose, ends of bones, trachea and fetal skeleton

          Elastic -- a little bit of collagen, e.g. ear

          Fibrocartilage -- very strong to absorb shock, e.g. vertebral discs and knee pads

     Bone

          Compact --  very strong to reinforce bone

          Spongy -- arranged in trabeculae

Elastic fibers -- made of elastin protein

     Fibrous CT

          Loose(areolar) very elastic network that can return to size (bladder, e.g.)

     Cartilage

          Elastic cartilage -- outer ear, very flexible

Reticular Fibers -- collagenous, but very delicate fibers, only in lymph tissue.

Term

Essay:

How does skin function to promote bone development and maintainence?

Definition
Skin contains precursor cells to vitamin D.  When UV hits the skin, these precursor molecules are converted to vitimin D, where it then travels to the liver and kidneys and is converted in to calcitrol.  Calcitrol is a hormone that regulates calcium uptake as well as calcium and phospate metabolism, both of which are very important to bone development and minerilization. 
Term

Fibrous

Connective

Tissue

 

Definition

Fibrous Connective tissue

     Dense

          Regular - parallel like tendons and ligaments

          Irregular - irregular like dermis and joint capsules

     Loose

          Areolar - all three fibers between tissues and organs

          Adipose - fibroblasts enlarge with fat in hypodermis, etc.

     Reticular - delicate collogenous only in lymph tissue and liver

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