Term
| Penicillin G, Vm benzathine |
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Definition
| streptococci, pneumococci, meningococci, and treponema pallidum. Beta-lactamase sensitive. |
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Term
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Definition
| beta lactam resistant but has a very narrow spectrum. Basically only useful for MSSA. Can cause interstitial nephritis. |
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Term
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Definition
| aminopenicillin; beta lactam sensitive. Can be used for gram + cocci (except staph), E. coli, H. influenzae, and Listeria monocytogenes. Not well absorbed in oral form and can cause GI distress due to the destruction of normal flora. Therefore, risk of C. difficile. |
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Term
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Definition
| aminopenicillin; beta lactam sensitive. Can be used for gram + cocci (except staph), E. coli, H. influenzae, Borrelia burgdorferi and H. pylori. |
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Term
| ticarcillin, piperacillin, azlocillin, carbenicillin |
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Definition
| Extended spectrum beta lactam; can work against gram negative rods such as pseudomonas aeruginosa. |
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Term
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Definition
| beta lactam resistant but has a very narrow spectrum. Basically only useful for MSSA. don't require correction with renal disease due to elimination in bile. |
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Term
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Definition
| first generation cephalsporin; work on gram positive cocci(not MRSA), E. coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, and some proteus species. Commonly used in surgical prophylaxis. Doesn't enter CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| Second generation cephalosporin. Increased gram positive coverage over the first generation. Has a disulfram allergy effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| Second generation cephalosporin. Increased gram positive coverage over the first generation. Can enter the CNS unlike other members of this class. |
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Term
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Definition
| Second generation cephalosporin. Increased gram positive coverage over the first generation. |
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Term
| cefdinir, cefixime, cefotaxime |
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Definition
| third generation cephalosporin; Gram positive and negative coverage. Enter CNS making it important in management of meningitis and sepsis. |
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Term
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Definition
| third generation cephalosporin; Gram positive and negative coverage. Doesn't enter CNS. Eliminated largely in bile making it a good option in renal failure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fourth generation cephalosporin; resistant to most beta lactamases and enters CNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| third generation cephalosporin; Gram positive and negative coverage. Enter CNS making it important in management of meningitis and sepsis. Eliminated largely in bile making it a good option in renal failure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Carbapenem antibiotic; resistant to beta lactamases. Important in hospital for empiric use in severe life threatening infections. Useful in almost anything but MRSA. Renal excretion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Carbapenem antibiotic; resistant to beta lactamases. Important in hospital for empiric use in severe life threatening infections. Useful in almost anything but MRSA. given with cilastatin to prevent the metabolism to a nephrotoxic metabolite. Can cause seizures with OD or renal dysfunction. Renal excretion. |
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Term
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Definition
| monobactam beta lactam antibiotic; useful against gram negative rods. No cross allergenicity with penicillins or cephalosporins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Binds at D-ala-D-ala muramyl pentapeptide. Inhibitis peptidoglycan chains. Covers MRSA, enterococci, and C. difficile (as a backup drug to metronidozole). Can cause ototoxicity or nephrotoxicity. |
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Term
| Gentamicin, tobramycin, amikicin |
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Definition
| aminoglycoside antibiotics. Interfere with initiation codon by binding with the 30S ribosomal subunit. Can cause a frameshift mutation and therefore are bacteriocidal. One time dosing helps avoid ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. |
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Term
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Definition
| aminoglycoside antibiotics. Interfere with initiation codon by binding with the 30S ribosomal subunit. Can cause a frameshift mutation and therefore are bacteriocidal. Drug of choice in yersinia pestic infection (bubonic plague) and in tularemia. One time dosing helps avoid ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Useful in TB. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tetracycline; bacteriostatic with a broad spectrum. Drug of choice in Lyme disease. Also very useful in prostatitis due to high concentrations in prostatic fluid. Removed via the liver (bile). Can cause tooth enamel dysplasia so it is contraindicated in children and pregnancy. Also can cause phototoxicity and GI distress. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tetracycline; bacteriostatic with a broad spectrum. Can be used in meningococcal carriers due to its high concentration in saliva and tears. Commonly used in dentistry. Can cause tooth enamel dysplasia so it is contraindicated in children and pregnancy. Also can cause phototoxicity, vistibular disfunction, and GI distress. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tetracycline; bacteriostatic with a broad spectrum. Can be used in SIADH by blocking ADH receptor function in collecting ducts. Not generally used as an antibiotic. Can cause tooth enamel dysplasia so it is contraindicated in children and pregnancy. Also can cause phototoxicity and GI distress. |
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Term
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Definition
| 50S subunit blocker; prevents the action of peptidyl transferase (bacteriostatic). Lipid soluble so it can get into CNS and is removed by the liver, but can inhibit the p450 system. Can rarely cause aplastic anemia. Excellent for H. influenza meningitis. |
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Term
| erythromycin, clarithromycin |
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Definition
| Macrolide; prevents the translocation of peptidyl tRNA from the acceptor to donor site by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. Bacteriostatic. Drug of choice for Legionella pneumophila. Can also be used for atypical organisms. Inhibit p450 system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Macrolide; prevents the translocation of peptidyl tRNA from the acceptor to donor site by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. Bacteriostatic. Drug of choice for Legionella pneumophila. Can also be used for atypical organisms. More water soluble than other agents in the same class, making it the safest for use in liver failure and pregnancy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Macrolide; prevents the translocation of peptidyl tRNA from the acceptor to donor site by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. Bacteriostatic. Drug of choice for macrolide resistant S. pneumonia. |
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Term
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Definition
| NOT a macrolide but has a similar mechanism. Binds to the 50S subunit preventing tRNA transfer. Concentration in bone is quite high and can thus be used to treat osteomyelitis due to gram positive cocci (as an alternate to quinolones). This agent is the most likely cause of pseudomembranous colitis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibits the formation of the initiation complex in bacterial translation systems by preventing formation of the N-formylmethionyl-tRNA-ribisome-mRNA ternary complex. Useful in treating VRSA, VRE, and drug resistant pneumococci. Can suppress bone marrow (esp. platelets). |
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Term
| Quinupristin-Dalfopristin |
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Definition
| Streptogramin antibiotics. Prevent the interaction of amino-acyl-tRNA with the acceptor site by binding to the 50S subunit. Useful in treating VRSA and VRE as well as other drug resistant gram positive cocci. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sulfonamide antibiotic; inhibit the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase which combines pteridine and PABA to form dihydropteroic acid in folate synthesis. can in rare cases cause Stevens-Johnson syndrome or hemolysis in G6PD deficiency. Also a risk of phototoxicity with sulfonamides. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors; prevent the conversion of dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid, the active form of folate. Because dihydrofolate is also found in humans, there is potential for toxicity. Can be combined with sulfadiazine to treat or prophylax against toxoplasma gondii. |
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Term
| trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole |
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Definition
| DOC in nocardia and as a backup for listeria. Is also a useful backup for fungi (pneumocystis jiroveci). |
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Term
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Definition
| fluoroquinolone; inhibit topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) and topoisomarase IV. Clinically very useful in UTIs resistant to cotrimoxazole. Side effects include tendonitis and rupture, phototoxicity (rashes), CNS effects (insomnia, dizziness, headache), and chondrogenesis inhibition in pregnancy (contraindicated for this reason!) |
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Term
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Definition
| fluoroquinolone; inhibit topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) and topoisomarase IV. Clinically very useful in UTIs resistant to cotrimoxazole and drug resistant pneumococci. Side effects include tendonitis and rupture, phototoxicity (rashes), CNS effects (insomnia, dizziness, headache), and chondrogenesis inhibition in pregnancy (contraindicated for this reason!) |
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Term
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Definition
| unclassified antibiotic; might have a MOA of creating free radicals to induce bacterial cell death. Useful in the treatment of protozoal infections (giardia, trichomonas, entamoeba) and bacterial infections especially against clostridium, gardnerella and H. pylori (BMT regimen consisting of bismouth, tetracycline, and this drug). Has a disulfiram like effect. Can cause peripheral neuropathy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibitor of mycolic acid synthesis and is very useful in treating TB. Can cause hepatitis and peripheral neuritis/sideroblastic anemia due to vitamin B6 deficiency. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibits DNA dependent RNA polymerase preventing transcription. Can cause hepatitis and can induce the P450 system. Red-orange metabolites can be apparant in all body secretions. Useful in TB. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibits the synthesis of arabingalactan (cell wall component). Has a dose dependent retrobulbar neuritis side effect which prevents red greed discrimination. Useful in TB. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unknown mechanism but thought to be a fatty acid synthase inhibitor. Can cause hepatitis and hyperuricemia. Useful in TB. |
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