Term
|
Definition
| increase in the size of and organ or tissue d/t # of cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| increase in size of an organ or tissue d/t increase of size of cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| Failure of cell production, lack of development of organ or tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| Aplasia during fetal development--> absence of tissue or organ |
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Term
|
Definition
| decrease in size of an organ or tissue d/t decrease in size--> wasting |
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Term
|
Definition
| replacement of on e differentiated tissue by another |
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Term
|
Definition
| loss of cellular differentiation and function |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condensation of nucleus- shinking of cells via degeneration |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| d/t sudden blood cut off to an organ-tissue structure preserved |
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Term
|
Definition
| digestive of tissue- usually d/t ischemic injury to CNS |
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Term
|
Definition
| metabolic pathway converts glucose --> pyruvate |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the breakdown of glycogen brought on my pancreas secretion of glucagon in response to lack of serum glucose |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| synthesis of glycogen brought on my insulin secreted by the pancreas, in response to increased serum glucose levels |
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Term
|
Definition
| enzyme used in glycogenolysis- needs a P to be activated- inactivated by an OH |
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Term
|
Definition
| Enzyme used in glycogenesis- needs an OH to be activated, inactivated by a P |
|
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Term
|
Definition
metabolises glucose in 11 steps- yields 2 ATP
Glucose--> 2 lactate + 2 ATP
Glycolysis is activated when ADP is high and so ATP is low and needed
Will not work in presence of O2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
metabolizes glucose at a slower rate that anaerobic
yields 36 ATP per glucose
Glycolysis is activated when ADP is high and so ATP is low and needed |
|
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Term
|
Definition
HK(hexokinase in muscle), GK(Glucokinase in liver), PFK(phosphofructokinase), PK (pyruvate kinase)
-rate limiting enzymes of glycolysis= control points |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AKA glucogenesis
the making of new glucose in order to raise blood glucose
- opposite of glycolysis
-inhibited by insulin
-activated by glucagon, Cortisol
- Glucose is made from pyruvate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Pyruvate Carboxylase(needs biotin->rev. pyruvate kinase
-Fructose1,6 Diphosphate--> reverses PFK
- Glucose6Phosphate--> reverses GK, HK |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-used in situations of extreme muscular activity
-lactate from anaerobic glycolysis in muscles taken to liver and converted to glucose
- then converted back to lactate when delivered to muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Aka Tricarboxylic acid cycle, citric acid cycle
- occurs in mitochondria
- ActetylCoA needed to begin the cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-38-2ATP= 36 net ATP produced from each glucose molecule
Glycolysis- 8ATP
PDH complex- 6ATP
KC- 24 ATP |
|
|
Term
| Pentose Phosphate Pathway |
|
Definition
**AKA Pentose shunt**
-provide NADPH for fat and steroid sythesis
**NOT FOR ENERGY- DOES NOT MAKE ATP**
-Provide Ribose for nucleic acid synthesis
-allos for interconversion of sugars |
|
|
Term
| Electron Transport System (ETS) |
|
Definition
-starts with NADH or FADH2
-works with electron acceptor to create ATP
-NADH-> 3ATP, FADH2->2ATP
-O2 is final acceptor, H2O is final product |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hydrolysis of a lipid in the presence of alkaline metal hydroxide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contain fatty acids
-FFA, TG, Phospholipids, Sphingolipids, waxes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Contain no fatty acids
-Vit A,D,E,K, cholesterol, prostaglandins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-not made by the body
-linoleic-18carbons, 2 double bonds
-linolenic- 18carbons, 3 double bonds
-arachadonic- 20carbons, 4 double bonds
**Essential fatty acids make prostaglandins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone
-fatty acids are attached via ester bonds
-store fat in adipocytes, used later for energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| major component of cell wall, a structural lipid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hydrolysis of an ester bond under basic conditions to form and alcohol and a salt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
visual purple pigment found in the rods of the retina.
-regenerated during sleep
-regernated by converting all trans retinal to cis retinal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opens into descending duodenum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| joins the common bile duct and the pancreas duct before entering the duodenum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
secreted from duodenum cells when acid chyme is present in the stomach
- tell the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate into the duodenum
- pH will raise to 7-8, prime pH to digest lipids in the duodenum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
duodenum cells secrete this hormone in response to certain fats present in chyme
-tells gall bladder to contract to release bile into the duodenum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NOT A LIPOPROTEIN
- is made from dietary lipids
- HAS NO PROTEIN COAT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Biochemical assembly made of protein and lipids
-ex: many hormones, transporters, struct. proteins
- HLD, LDL, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-carries exogenous TGs from diet
-made in the intestinal mucosa
-newly formed TG that aggregates with phospholipids and cholesterol, then becomes coated with protein
-coating keeps them from sticking together
-made in the intestines, broken down by lipoprotein lipase in the liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carries mainly protein and phospholipids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carries mainly cholesterol esters and TGs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carries endogenous TGs made in the liver and some free cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| Fatty Acid Oxidation (Beta Oxidation) |
|
Definition
-Oxidizing stored fats(from adipocytes) to be burned for energy
- takes place in the mitochodria(vs fatty acid synthesis that takes place in the cytoplasm)
-FA must then be activated by attaching CoA
-Carnitine is necessary b/c it carries the FA into the mitochondria
-End products are NADH, FADH2 and AcetylCoA |
|
|
Term
| Energy Yield from Fatty Acid Oxidation |
|
Definition
FADH2--> (#carbons/2) -1, then 2ATP per FADH2
NADH-->(#carbons/2)-1, then 3ATP per NADH
AcetylCoA-->#carbons/2, then 12ATP per A. CoA
TOTAL= Total ATP-2ATP(cost for activation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-made in the liver
-incomplete fatty acid oxidation
-go to heart and muscle-they will use via KC
-Acetone is the main one (4 acetyl units)
-Acetoacetate (3 acetly units)
-Beta hydroxybutarate (2 acetly units)
HEART AND MUSCLE CAN'T METABOLIZE ACETONE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Formation of ketone bodies in the liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-made in the liver
-incomplete fatty acid oxidation
-go to heart and muscle-they will use via KC
-Acetone is the main one (4 acetyl units)
-Acetoacetate (3 acetly units)
-Beta hydroxybutarate (2 acetly units)
HEART AND MUSCLE CAN'T METABOLIZE ACETONE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-made in the liver
-incomplete fatty acid oxidation
-go to heart and muscle-they will use via KC
-Acetone is the main one (4 acetyl units)
-Acetoacetate (3 acetly units)
-Beta hydroxybutarate (2 acetly units)
HEART AND MUSCLE CAN'T METABOLIZE ACETONE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Ketone body made in the liver
-has 4 acetyl units
-cannot be metabolized by heart or muscle
-Body gets rids of acetone through the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-result of too many ketone bodies in the blood
-causes low pH, can lead to coma and death
-can caused by diabetes fasting state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-making of fatty acid, occurs in the cytoplasm
-FA made 2 acetylCoAs at a time
-A. CoA comed from mitochondria, shuttle into cytoplasm with citrate and is added to carboxyl end |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-3 carbon molecule, used in FA synthesis
-One CO2 lost during process, 2Carbon unit added to the FA
-1st 2 carbons in FA come from A. CoA, the rest come from malonyl CoA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ACoA->HMG->melavonate->squalene->cholesterol
-melavonate made from hooked up Acetyl CoAs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-amino acids hooked together by peptide bonds
-amino acids determine structure, function and characteristics of protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-occurs at pH7
-has both + and - charge on the same compound
-this is the form of AA as they exit the body |
|
|
Term
| Primary Protein Structure |
|
Definition
-covalent backbone of the polypeptide
-linear amino acid sequence |
|
|
Term
| Secondary Protein Structure |
|
Definition
-recurring arrangement in the space of the polypeptide, in one dimension
-2 kinds, alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
-held together by hydrogen bonds |
|
|
Term
| Tertiary Protein Structure |
|
Definition
-bending/folding of a protein on itself
-becomes globular |
|
|
Term
| Quaternary Protein Structure |
|
Definition
-aggregation of 2 or more polypepide chains in strong, non-covalent bonding
-example= hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-for strength and rigidity, most are secondary strs
-collagen, elastin and alpha keratin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-rigid fibrous protein, will not form w/o vitamin C
-made up of glycine, hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine
-vitamin C hydroxylates lysine and proline residues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-stretching fibrous protein
-found in ligaments, skin and blood vessels
-made of glycine, proline and less hydroxyprolin than collagen-NO HYDROXYLYSINE
-Vitamin C is still needed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-strongest protein in the body-located in hair/nails
-has intrachain hydrogen bonds-broken in heat/moisture-(think frizzy hair)
-disulfide bonds will not be broken |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-most abundant plasma protein, is globular
-big time in the maintenance of osmotic pressure in capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-only plasma protein not made in lover-made in blood
-5 types-IgA, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgG |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spark a reaction, enzymes are not used up, keep circulating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-increase rxn rate by decreasing energy of activation needed
-all enzymes are proteins, therefore large
-all enzymes need to be activated(control mech)
-activated by cofactor, either mineral(vitamin) or a coenzyme derived from a B vitamin |
|
|
Term
| Michelis-Menton Constant=Km |
|
Definition
-the concentration of a substrate at which a given enzyme yields half its maximum velocity
-lower Km value=greater affinity of enzyme to substrate (ie faster reaction) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| catalyze reactions in which a phosphate is transferred |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oxidation reduction enzymes that function by adding or removing a hydrogen.
-active center is either an NAD, FAD, FMN or NADP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Catalyze reactions in which an amino group is transferred-muct have B6 for this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Ferrous is Fe2+ and carried in hemoglobin
-Ferritin is Fe3+ and is the storage form of iron
**Store it in a TIN** |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
once the 1st O2 binds it is easier for the 2nd, 3rd and 4th to then bind
-**myoglobin does not show cooperativity because it only binds one O2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oxygenated form of hb, carries O2 from lungs to periphery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hb combined with CO2, transports it from periphery to lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the effect of pH on the binding of O2
-left graph shift=higher Hb affinity for O2
-right graph shift =lower Hb affinity for O2
low pH=right shift, high pH=left shift |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-part of a nucleotide
-made of a base(ACTG) and a sugar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-part of nucleic acids
-made of a base(ACTG), a sugar and a phosphate(PO4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Adenosine
-Guanine
**All Girls are PUREe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-thymine
-uracil (in RNA)
-cytosine
**king TUC and the PYRamids |
|
|
Term
| Double Strand DNA Linkage |
|
Definition
-nucleotides linked by 3,5-phosphodiester bonds
-chains linked together by hydrogen bonds between bases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-DNA-->DNA
-occurs in the nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-DNA--> RNA
-transferring into mRNA
-occus in the nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-RNA--> Protein
-occurs in the ribosome=factory for building protein, a cellular organelle with 2 subunits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a small RNA molecule that brings the correct amino acids to the ribosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-hormone made by the enteroendocrine cells
-signaled by presence of food in stomach or stomach movement
-targets chief cells of stomach
-makes chief cells produce pepsinogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-precursor(inactive form) is pepsinogen
-breaks down proteins along with trypsin and chymotrypsin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-split amino acids off the zymogen form making it active
-ex enterokinase converts trysinogen-->trypsin
-then trypsin acts as a proteolytic enzyme to activate the rest of the zymogens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-facilitate taking nitrogen and converting to urea for excretion
-found in the lover and cannot function without B6 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-liver converts toxic ammonia to nontoxic urea for excretion
-takes place in the mitochodria and the cytoplasm
-glutamate->NH4->combine with Ornithine-> citrulline->citulline leaves mitoch.
-citrulline->argininosuccinate->arginine->urea
-urea leaves, ornithine continues back into mitoch. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-from B cells
- secrete antibodies into circulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-most abundant
-protect against viruses and bacteria with phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-most abundant immunoglobin
-phagocytosis bacteria and viruses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -immunoglobin that provides localized protection in the mucous membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-!st immunoglobin to appear after antigen exposure
-appears on surface of B cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Immunoglobin that stimulates antibody production
-occurs on B cell surfaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -immunoglobin involved in allergic reactions on mast cells and basophil cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the antigen that determines specficity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by sensitized lymphocytes (IgE) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a severe local inflammatory reaction on blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| localized anaphylaxis -aka hives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an allergic hypersensitivity reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a molecule that enhances phagocytosis through binding action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attraction of cells to a chemical source or trail |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of leukocytes through blood vessel walls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| making ones own antibodies- long term |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Receive immunity from outside self-short term
-such as innoculation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-The pacemaker if the heart, if fails AV node will take over
-leaky sodium channels-highly permeable to Na+
-innervated by autonomic nervous system- Vagus Nerve (parasympathetic fibers) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conducting pathways between the sinuatrial node and atrioventricular node |
|
|
Term
| Atrioventricular Bundle = Bundle of HIS |
|
Definition
-begins at the AV Node, makes right and left bundle branches
-causes conduction in the ventricles
-bundle terminates as Perkinje fibers
**Fastest conduction of the heart** |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Atrial depolarization
-impulse spread from SA Node with atria contracting after |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Ventricular depolarization
-impulse continues to spread to ventricles
-ventricles then contract
-enlarged Q wave = MI
-enlarged R wave= ventricular enlargement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contraction phase of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Relaxation phase of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Repolarization of the ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bicuspid on left and tricuspid on right
-open during atrial systole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-aortic on right pulmonic on left
-open during ventricular systole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mount of blood pumped by the ventricles each systole or heart beat |
|
|
Term
| Starlings law of the heart |
|
Definition
-What flows in must flow out
-force of ventricular contraction determined mainly by length of the cardiac muscle fibers
-as cardiac muscle fibers stretch, tension during contraction increases
-increasing pressure->increases volume->increases cnotraction strength->increases stroke volume->increased cardiac output |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Stroke volume X Heart rate
-the amount of blood pumped by either ventricle per minute
**principle determinant of BP
**increase in CO will increase BP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Baroreceptor, on internal carotid, monitors blood pressure to the brain
-Carotid sinus reflex worries about BP to the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- on the arch of the aorta, operates like carotid sinus
-monitors general systemic BO |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -the pressure exerted by blood on the wall of any blood vessel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-small vessels, carry blood from arteries to capillaries
-have the greatest resistance
-innervates by sympathetics
-greatest ability to change diameter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Fed by arterioles
-greatest cross sectional area
-permit nutrients and waste exchange between tissues and blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-carry blood back to the heart
-serve as blood storage depot
-one way valves in extremities to prevent backflow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blood flow=change in pressure/resistence
**blood will always from from high to low pressure |
|
|
Term
| Vessel Resistance Factors |
|
Definition
-vessel diameter
-vessel length
-increase blood viscosity=increase resistance
**arterioles have the greatest resistance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-located in the medulla
-Controls vessel diameter (vasomotor tone)
-especially in the arterioles
-done with sympathetic control
-decrease impulese--> vessel vasodilation
-increase impulses--> vessel vasoconstriction
**affected also by carotid and aortic reflexes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-both are sensitive to O2, CO2, and pH
-Aortic body is most sensitive to low O2 levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Excess CO2
-would lead to increased respiration to rid body of excess CO2 |
|
|
Term
| Chemoreceptors vs baroreceptors |
|
Definition
chemo r/c- sensitive to blood chamicals
baro r/c sensitive to blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-collects blood after it passes through the renal glomerulus
-located around the convoluted tubules
-then blood goes on to interlobular veins->arcuate veins->interlobar veins and out via the renal vein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-peritubular capilarries of long looks
-dip down alongside the nephron loop
-Vaso rects ARE peritulbular capillaries
-resorb what is pulled from the descending and ascending limbs on Henle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-contains all blood materials except proteins and formed elements
-filtrate then enters the PCT for further reabsorption and fine tuning
-99% of filtrate is resorbed |
|
|
Term
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
|
Definition
-causes permeability in DCT and collecting duct, allowing for more water resorption
-made my hypothalamus, secreted by posterior pituitary into the blood
-results in decrease urine production, increased water conc in blood, lowers blood osmotic pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-main mineralcorticoid release from zona glomerulosa
-stimulates by inc. angiotensin II or potassium conc., of by decreased sodium concentration
-action-resorbing Na+ at DCT and Collecting duct
-also to secrete potassium to be eliminated in the urine
**Na+ resorption causes water retention
-blood volume and BP are raised |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-made in juxtglomerular cells in kidney
-in response to low blood volume or low bp
-renin cleaves angiotensin into angiotensin I which is later converted to Angiotensin II
-ends up causing Zona Glomerulosa to release aldosterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-prevent major changes in pH when acid or base is added
-bicarb(in blood), Phosphate(in urine) and protein
-body fluid pH can also be adjusted by rate of breathing change
-hyperventilate=more basic (eliminates more CO2)
-hypoventilate = more acidic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-possible via tubular secretion of K+, H+ or NH+
-Occurs at PCT or DCT or CD
-H+ secretion into urine lowers urine pH and raises blood pH
-normal uring pH is 6.0 |
|
|
Term
Respiratory Acidosis
-------------------------------
Respiratory Alkalosis |
|
Definition
-d/t accumulation of CO2--> decreases pH
-hypoventilation
----------------------------------------d/t hyperventilation with excessive CO2 loss
-pH of fluids increases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-functional unit of the lung
m
-primary bronchi>secondary bronchi>tertiary bronchi(segmental)>bronchiole>alveolar ducts>alveolar sacs>alveoli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-pressure of a gas in a closed container(ie lung) is inversely proportional tot he volume of the container
-if container size is increased, pressure in container is decreased |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -the pressure inside the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-the pressure between the two layers is always less that the atmospheric pressure
-maintianed this way to prevent collapse of alveolar walls
**atmospheric pressure =760mmHg |
|
|
Term
Muscles that move ribs up
-----------------------
Muscles that move down |
|
Definition
-External intercostals
---------------------
-internal intercostals, abdominal muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-collapsing of the lung
-prevented by Surfactant and maintenance of intrapleural pressure to keep alveoli inflated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-refers to the ease at which the lungs are able to expand
-high compliance=lungs expand easily,
-low compliance= lungs resist expansion
-related to elastic in lung tissue, surfactant present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-volume of air that moves thru respiratory passages with each breath
-equals 500ml, 350ml reaches the alveoli
-air left in nose, trachea, bronchi is Dead Air Volume and =150ml |
|
|
Term
| Inspiratory Reserve Volume |
|
Definition
-extra air inspired beyond the tidal volume
-usually =3000ml |
|
|
Term
| Expiratory Reserve volume |
|
Definition
-The air expired via forceful expiration, bond tidal volume
-usually =1100-1200ml |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-volume of air remaining in the lungs after forceful expiration
=1200ml |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
=tidal volume(air in w/breath)+Inspiratory resever volume (Extra air past TV)
=3500ml |
|
|
Term
| Functional Residual Capacity |
|
Definition
=Exp. Reserve Volume+Residual Volume
=2300ml |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-max amount of air that a person can expel after filling to max and expelling to max
-Inspiratory Res Volume+TV+Exp Reserve volume
=4600ml |
|
|
Term
| Total Lung Capacity (TLC) |
|
Definition
Vital Capacity +Residual Volume
=5800ml |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the binding of O2 in the lungs to hemoglobin tends to displace CO2 from the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-group of neurons in the medulla and pons
-aka the Dorsal Respiratory Center
-divided into medullary rhythmic center, pneumotaxic area and apneustic area |
|
|
Term
| Medullary Rythmicity Area |
|
Definition
-controls basic breathing rhythm
-inspiration=2seconds, expiration=3 seconds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
=NO MORE INSPIRATION signal
-this area sends inhibitory impulses to the inspiratory area, will allow for expiration
-located in the Pons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-located in the lower pons
-sends stimulatory signals to inspiration center
-only when pneumotaxic area is in active
**Pneumotaxic area will override Apneustic area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-there are stretch r/c in the walls of bronch/bronchiole
-when stim. these r/c send inhibitory impulses via the Vagus nerve to the inspiratory area
-->results in expiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-one of the neuroglial cells of the CNS
-star shaped, found in gray and white matter
-form the blood brain barrier, support network NT metabolism |
|
|
Term
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Definition
-neuroglial cells of the CNS
-resemble astrocytes but are shorter
-for the myelin sheath
-like Schwann cells of the CNS but in the PNS |
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Term
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Definition
-neuroglia of the CNS
-brain macrophages
-migraine to area of injury and destroy microbes |
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Term
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Definition
-neuroglia of the CNS
-single layer of epithelial cells, ciliated, squamous and columnar
-make up epithelia lining ventricles
-assist in CSF circulation |
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Definition
-make up the neuron
-Dendrites carry nerve impulses to the cell body, axons carry nerve impulses away from the cell body |
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Term
| Resting Membrane Potential |
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Definition
-the difference between ion concentration inside the plasma membrane and outside
-normal resting membrane potential = -70mV (inside cell)
-muscle resting potential= -90mV
**d/t [ion] gradients b/t intra and extracellular fluid
and membrane permeability to certain ions, K+ is the most important |
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Term
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Definition
-requires ATP, maintains concentration gradients by active transport of these ions across membrane
-10X as many Na ions oustide cell as inside
-30X as many K+ ions inside celll as outside
-3Na+ ions move out for every 2K+ ions that move into the cell
-indie of the cell membrane becomes + b/c pump kicks out 3+ and lets only 2+ in, so inside of the cell becomes - |
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Term
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Definition
-when membrane is at rest, Na channels are closed, K channels are open, K+ diffuses out freely
-K+ is maintaining the resting membrane potential |
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Term
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Definition
-a short event when the pepmbrane potential temporarily reverses
-the charge inside the cell becomes + the returns to the resting potential |
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Term
Refractory Period
Absolute Refractory Period
Relative Refractory Period |
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Definition
-the period in which the neuron cannot generate another action potential
-Absolute lasts 1 msec and another AP will not be generated even with a very strong stimulus
-relative lasts 10-15 msec and may be overcome with a stronger than normal stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
-Action Potentials occur at maximum or not at all
-IF the stimulus is strong enough to generate an AP the impulse will be conducted along the ENTIRE neuron |
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Term
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Definition
-Rheobase is the min. voltage required to stimulate a response
-Chronaxie-the min time the electrical current must flow at a voltage twice the rheobase in order to cause a muscle contraction |
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Term
| Conduction vs Saltatpry COnduction |
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Definition
Continuous occurs in unmyelinated fibers, impulses transmitted step by step
-Saltatory occurs in myelinated fibers and jumps down the exposed neuron fiber. myelin sheath insulates making faster conduction |
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Term
Adaptation vs Accomodation
(Neurophys) |
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Definition
-Adaptation- firing freq of a R/C declines after constant stimulation
-Accomodation- firing freq of a NERVE FIBER declines after constant stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
-the junction of an axon hillock and the axon
-1st AP occurs here |
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Term
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential
(EPSP) |
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Definition
-increases likelihood the postsynaptic membrane will reach threshold and fire an AP
-inside of cell must becomemore + by influx of NA+ in order for AP to occur |
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Term
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential
(IPSP) |
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Definition
-lessens the likelihood that threshold will be met and an AP will be fired off
-when inside of the vell becomes more - d/t leaving of internal K+ it gets harder for an AP to occur |
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Term
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Definition
-if the EXCITATORY effect is greater then the INHIBITORY effect but not greater than the threshold level of stimulation, the result is facilitation
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=near threshold excitation, so another stimuli could more easily generate a nerve impulse |
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Term
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Definition
-the sum of all excitatory and inhibitory effects of multiple stimuli applied to a postsynaptic neuron
-Can be temporal, accumulation of NT from a SINGLE synaptic buld firing 2 or more times in rapid succession
-spatial, summation the result of accumulation of NT from SEVERAL presynaptic end bulbs |
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