Term
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Definition
| The nature of atoms and molecules with the exception of those that contain rings or chains of carbon |
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Term
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Definition
| Carbon containing molecules |
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Term
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Definition
The smallest functional units of matter that form all chemical substances and that cannot be further broken down into any other substances by ordinary chemical or physical means |
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Term
| Each specific type of atoms (N, H, O, ...) occurs as... |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the subatomic particles found within atoms? |
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Definition
| Protons, neutrons, and electrons. |
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Term
| The protons and neutrons are in the ________ of the atom, also known as the ___________. |
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Definition
| Center of the atom, atomic neuclus. |
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Term
| The electrons are found... |
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Definition
| In regions at various distances from the neucleus. |
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Term
| Which subatomic particles are identical? Which vary? |
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Definition
| Protons and electrons are identical, neutrons vary |
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Term
| Protons have a ______ charge, electrons have a ________ charge, neutrons have a ______ charge. |
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Definition
Protons = positive Electrons = negative Neutrons = neutral |
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Term
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Definition
| The regions the electrons travel in surrounding the nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of protons in an atom |
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Term
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Definition
| When elements can exist in multiple forms (differ in the number of neutrons they contain) |
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Term
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Definition
| Isotopes found in nature that are inherently unstable and do not exist for long periods of time, they lose energy by emitting subatomic particles and/or radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| Two or more atoms bonded together |
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Term
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Definition
| A molecule composed of two or more different elements |
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Term
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Definition
Atoms sharing a pair of electrons, can occur between two atoms whose outer shells are not full |
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Term
| Atoms tend to be most stable when... |
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Definition
| Their outer shells are full of electrons. |
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Term
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Definition
Occurs when atoms share two pairs of electrons rather than one pair |
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Term
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Definition
| The measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons in a bond from another atom |
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Term
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Definition
| When two atoms with different electronegativites form a covalent bond, the shared electrons are more likely to be closer to the atom with higher electronegativity than the atom of lower electronegativity; the distribution of electrons around the atoms creates a polarity (difference in electric charge) across the molecules, ex: water |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecules containing a significant number of polar bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecules composed primarily of nonpolar bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| When a hydrogen atom from one polar molecule becomes electrically attracted to an electronegative atom (such as an oxygen or nitrogen atom) in another polar molecule; these bonds are very weak, however, DNA is actually very strong because of the very large number of hydrogen bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| Atoms are electrically neutral because they contain an equal number of positive protons and negative electrons. If an atom or molecule gains or loses one or more electrons, it acquires a net electric charge and becomes an ion (when sodium loses an electron, it becomes a net positive atom with the same number of protons and one less electron) |
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Term
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Definition
| An ion that has net positive charge |
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Term
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Definition
| An ion that has a net negative charge |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of ion formation which can occur in single atoms or atoms that are covalently linked in molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| When a cation bonds to an anion |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when one or more substances are changed into other substances |
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Term
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Definition
Substances dissolved in a liquid |
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Term
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Definition
| Liquid in which substances are dissolved |
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Term
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Definition
Solutes dissolved in a solvent |
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Term
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Definition
| Solutions made with water |
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Term
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Definition
| "Water loving", molecules that contain polar covalent bonds which dissolve in water |
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Term
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Definition
| "Water fearing", molecules composed predominantly of carbon and water are insoluable in water because these bonds (carbon-carbon, carbon-hydrogen) are nonpolar (these molecules do not have partial positive and negative charges and therefore are not attracted to water molecules) |
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Term
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Definition
| What water is used to break apart another molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| The removal of a water molecule and the formation of a covalent bond between two separate molecules |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms in this formula: Cx(H2O)x; carbon containing compounds that are hydrated |
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Term
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Definition
| Monosaccharides; pentoses (five carbons - ribose, deoxyribose); hexoses (six carbons - glucose) |
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Term
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Definition
Carbohydrates composed of two disaccharides (sucrose, glucose + fructose = table sugar), formed by a dehydratrion reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| Many monosaccarides linked together (starch, glycogen) |
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Term
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Definition
| Store energy and form membranes and hormones, composed predominantly of hydrogen and carbon atoms, nonpolar (insoluable in water) |
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Term
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Definition
| A mixture of triglycerides |
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Term
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Definition
| When all the carbons in a fatty acid are linked by single covalent bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| Fatty acids that contain one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, one carbon-carbon double bond = monounsaturated fatty acid, two or more carbon-carbon double bonds = polyunsaturated fatty acid |
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Term
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Definition
| The building blocks of proteins (proteins are polymers of amino acids) |
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Term
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Definition
| The covalent bond formed between a carboxyl and an amino group |
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Term
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Definition
| When many amino acids are joined by peptide bonds |
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Term
| Primary structure of a polypeptide |
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Definition
| Its amino acid sequence from beginning to end |
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Term
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Definition
| A polypeptide that folds into a more complex structure, amino acids rotate around bonds, repeating pattenrs (alpha helix and beta sheets) |
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Term
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Definition
| The polypeptide backbone forms a repeating helical structure that is stabilized by hydrogen bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| regions of the polypeptide backbone come to lie parallel to each other |
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Term
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Definition
| As the secondary structure becomes established due to the particular primary structure, a polypeptide folds and refolds upon itself to assume a comlpex 3-D shape, the 3-D shape of a single polypeptide |
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Term
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Definition
| When proteins consist of more than one polypeptide chain |
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Term
| Critical factors for protein folding and stability |
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Definition
- hydrogen bonds - creates a strong force that promotes protein folding and stability
- ionic bonds and polar interactions - some amino acid chains are positively charged, some negatively charged, positively charged side chains may bond to negatively charged side chains via ionic bonds, also, uncharged polar side chains may interact with ionic amino acids
- hydrophobic effect - some amino acid side chains are nonpolar, these amino acids tend to avoid water; as the protein folds the hydrophobic amino acids are likely to be found in the center of the protein to avoid contact with water
- van der waals forces - atoms within molecules have weak attractions for each other if they are optimal distance apart (van der waal radius), the weak attraction is the force
- disulfide bridges - disulfide bonds are covalent bonds that can occur within a single polypeptide or between different polypeptides
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Term
The two classes of nucelic acids are... |
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Definition
| deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) and ribose nucleic acid (RNA) |
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Term
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Definition
| stores genetic information |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The building blocks of DNA and RNA, 3 components of a neucleotide: a phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a single or double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms (known as a base) |
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Term
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Definition
| the nucleotides in DNA contain the 5-carbon sugar deoxyribose, 4 different nucleotides are present in DNA corresponding to the 4 different bases that can be linked to deoxyribose: the purine bases (adenine and guanine have double fused rings of nitrogen and carbon atoms, the pyrimidine bases (cystosine and thymine have only a single ring; two strands of nucleotides coiled around each other to form a double helix (A-T pairing and C-G pairing) |
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Term
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Definition
| Thymine is replaced by uracil, messenger RNA vs. transfer RNA: responsible for converting the information contained in DNA into the formation of a new polypeptide |
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Term
| How is a strand of DNA or RNA formed? |
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Definition
| By the covalent linkage of nucleotides in a linear manner |
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Term
| How is a double helix formed? |
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Definition
| Two strands of DNA can hydrogen-bond with each other to form a double helix, in a double helix two DNA strands are twisted together to form a structure that resembles a spiral staircase |
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Term
| In living cells, DNA is... |
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Definition
| associated with an array of different proteins to form chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| The complete complement of an organism's genetic material |
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Term
| Compared to ribose, deoxyribose is missing... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| all living things are composed of one or more cells; cells are the smallest units of living organisms, new cells come only from pre-existing cells by cell division |
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Term
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Definition
uni-cellular, no histone proteins in their DNA, no membrane-bound nucleus, generally have a cell wall to protect the plasma membrane and cytoplasm |
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Term
| Two categories of prokaryotes |
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Definition
| bacteria and archaea (both are relatively small microorganisms) |
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Term
| Most bacteria are not _____ to humans, but some may cause ______ |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| a double layer of phospholipids and embedded proteins, forms an important barrier between the cell and its external environment |
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Term
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Definition
| the region of the cell that is contained within the plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Region of the cell where its genetic material (DNA) is located |
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Term
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Definition
| Involved in polypeptide synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Supports and protects the the plasma membrane, porous so it does not prevent most nutrients in the environment from reaching the plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
an outer viscous covering surrounding the bacterium, traps water and helps protect bacterium from dying out |
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Term
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Definition
| Some bacteria that enter the body create a thick gelatenous glycolyx called a capsule that may help them from being destroyed by the animal's defense system |
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Term
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Definition
| allow prokaryotes to attach to surfaces and to each other |
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Term
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Definition
| provides a way for prokaryotes to swim |
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Term
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Definition
| protists (paramecia, algae), fungi (yeast, mold), plants, and animals |
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Term
| Where is the DNA located in eukaryotic cells? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a subcellular structure,membrane-bound compartment with its own unique structure and function (ex: nucleus) |
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Term
| Eukaryotic cells exhibit compartmentalization, which means... |
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Definition
| they have many organelles which separate the cells into different regions; allow a cell to carry out specialized chemical reactions in different places (ex: protein synthesis and potein breakdown occur in different compartments of the cell) |
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Term
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Definition
| site where microtubles grow and centrioles are found |
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Term
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Definition
| protein synthesis, sorting, and secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| detoxification and lipid synthesis |
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Term
| Mitochondrion (animal cell) |
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Definition
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Term
| Cytoskeleton (animal cell) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| breakdown of hydrogen peroxide and other harmful molecules |
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Term
| Golgi apparatus (animal cell) |
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Definition
| modification, sorting, and secretion of lipids and proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| site of many methabolical pathways, polypeptide synthesis |
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Term
| Plasma membrane (animal cell) |
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Definition
| movement of substances into and out of the cell, cell signaling |
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Term
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Definition
| degradation of macromolecules |
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Term
| Nuclear envelope (animal cell) |
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Definition
| double membrane that encloses the nucleus |
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Term
| Nuclear pore (animal cell) |
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Definition
| passageway for molecules into and out of the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| organization and expression of the genetic material |
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Term
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Definition
| site for ribosome assembly |
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Term
| Central vacuole (plant cell) |
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Definition
| storage, digestion, and regulation of cell volume |
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Term
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Definition
| site of many metabolic pathways, polypeptide synthesis |
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Term
| Mitochondrion (plant cell) |
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Definition
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Term
| Cytoskeleton (plant cell) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| breakdown of hydrogen peroxicide and other harmful molecules |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| protein synthesis, sorting, and secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| detoxification and lipid synthesis |
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Term
| Nuclear pore (plant cell) |
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Definition
| passageway for molecules into and out of the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| organization and expression of the genetic material |
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Term
| Nuclear envelope (plant cell) |
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Definition
| double membrane that encloses the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| site for ribosome assembly |
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Term
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Definition
| a complex of protein and DNA |
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Term
| Unlike animal cells, plant cells have ________, ________, and _______. |
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Definition
| an outer cell wall, a large central vacuole, and chloroplasts which carry out photosynthesis |
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Term
| The ______ and ______ of proteins are responsible for the _______ and _______ of cells. |
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Definition
| functions and structures, functions and structures |
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Term
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Definition
| all of the types and relative amounts of proteins that are made in a particular cell at a particular time under specific conditions, the proteome of a cell determines its structure and function |
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Term
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Definition
| the region of the eukaryotic cell that is outside the cell organelles but inside the plasma membrane, responsible for beaking down food molecules into smaller components which causes the release of energy which causes the creation of new cellular molecules and macromolecules; synthesizes celullar proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| the sum of the chemical reactions by which cells produce the materials and energy that are necessary to sustain life |
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Term
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Definition
| the breakdown of a molecule into smaller components |
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Term
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Definition
| the synthesis of cellular molecules and macromolecules |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of a linear sequence of amino acids, unit of structure, one or more polypeptides assemble into a 3-D protein that performs a particular function |
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Term
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Definition
| synthesis of polypeptides, the information within the gene is ultimately translated into the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide |
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Term
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Definition
| a network of 3 different types of protein filaments: microtubules, intermediate filaments, actin filaments |
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Term
| What are the roles of the cytoskeleton components? |
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Definition
| cell shape, strength, cell organization, chromosome sorting and cell division, movement of cell "cargo", cell motility/movement |
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Term
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Definition
| a single microtubule can oscillate between growing and shortening phases, important in the sorting of chromosomes during cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| microtubule-organizing center |
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Term
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Definition
| within the centrosome, conspicuous pair of structures arranged perpendicular to each other |
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Term
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Definition
| microfilaments, thinnest cytoskeletel filaments |
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Term
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Definition
| a category of cellular proteins that use ATP as a source of energy to promote movement |
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Term
| Microtubules and motor proteins fascillitate movement involving... |
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Definition
| cell apendages called cilia and flagella |
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Term
| _________ are longer than _______ and present singly or in pairs, they have the same __________. |
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Definition
| Flagella, cilia, internal structure |
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Term
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Definition
| the arrangement containing microtubules, the motor protein dynein, and linking proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| anchored to the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane, provide a site for microtubules to grow |
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Term
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Definition
| the cytoplasm circulates throughout the cell to distribute resources efficiently in large cells |
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Term
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Definition
| an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that contains most of the cell's genetic material |
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Term
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Definition
| Nuclear envelope (encloses nucleus), the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles |
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Term
| Other organelles of the endomembrane system pass materials to each other via ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Nucelar pores are formed where... |
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Definition
| the inner and outer membranes make contact with each other, they provide a passageway for movement of molecules and molecules into and out of the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the biochemical composition of chromosomes, which contain DNA and many types of proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| a filamentous network of proteins that is found inside the nucleus and lines the inner nuclear membrane; serves to organize the chomosomes; two parts: nuclear lamina and an internal nuclear matrix |
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Term
| Primary function of the nucleus: |
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Definition
| the protection, organization, and expression of genetic material, also the assembly of ribosomes (occurs in the nucleolus, a prominent region in the nucleus of nondividing cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| a structure composed of proteins and rRNA that provides the site where protein synthesis occurs |
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Term
| Each _______ occupies its own distinct, nonoverlapping territory within the cell nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a convoluted network of membranes that form flattened, fluid-filled tubules of cisternae |
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Term
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Definition
| internal space of an organelle |
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Term
| The ER membrane encloses a single compartment called the _________. |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| Rough ER is studded with ribosomes (purpose: when bound to the ER membrane, the ribosomes actively synthesize proteins through the ER membrane) |
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Term
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Definition
| continuous of the rough ER, more smooth ER = more alchohol breakdown, plays a role in carbohydrate metabolism, plays a role in the accumulation of calcium ions (contains calcium pumps that transport Ca2+ into the ER lumen), critical in the sythesis and the modification of lipids |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of a stack of flattened membranes, each flattened membrane encloses a single compartment, 3 functions: secretion, processing, protein sorting |
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Term
| Golgi packages different types of materials into secretory vesticles, which are... |
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Definition
| a membrane vesticle carrying different types of materials that later fuses with the cell's plasma membrane to release the contents extracellularly, that fuse with the plasma membrane and release the contents outside the plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| small organelles found in animal cells that are able to lyse macromolecules, they contain many acid hydrolases (hydrolitic enzymes that use a molecule of water to break a covalent bond - hydrolysis) |
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Term
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Definition
| the eating of one's self, cellular material (such as a worn-out organlle) becomes enclosed in a double membrane, this autophagosome then fuses with a lysosome and the material inside the autophagasome is digested, the small molecules that are released from this digestion are recycled back into the cytosol |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized compartments found in eukaryotic cells that function in storage, the regulation of cell volume, and degradation |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane of central vacuole, stores a large amount of water, enzymes, and inorganic ions such as calcium and other materials including proteins and pigments; performs a space-filling function, puts pressure on the cell wall maintaining the structure of cells and the plant |
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Term
| Many plasma membrane proteins are involved in __________. |
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Definition
| membrane transport: transport essential nutrients or ions into the cell or export of substances - for this reason the plasma membrane is selectively permeable |
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Term
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Definition
another vital function of the plasma membrane, to survive cells must be able to sense changes in the environment, cells need to communicate with each other to coordinate their activities, once signaling molecules bind to a receptor this initiates the signal cascade that causes the cell to respond the the signal, in animal cells the plasma membrane is also involved in cell adhesion |
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Term
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Definition
| cells can grow and divide and reproduce themselves but they depend on other parts of the cell for internal components (mitochondria, chloroplasts, peroxisomes) |
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Term
| What supplies cells with most of their ATP? |
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Definition
| Mitochondria (convert chemical energy that is stored in covalent bonds in organic molecules into a form that can be readily used by cells) |
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Term
|
Definition
| carried out by chloroplasts, capture light energy and use some of that energy to synthesize organic molecules such as glucose |
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Term
|
Definition
| catalyze detoxifying reactions, peroxisomes contain an enzyme called catalase that breaks down hydrogen peroxide to make water and oxygen gas |
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Term
| The plasma membrane separates the _________ of a cell from its __________ |
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Definition
| internal contents, external environment |
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Term
Lipids form the ________ of a membrane ______ are embeded in the membrane and loosely attached to the surface __________ may be attached to lipids and proteins |
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Definition
basic matrix proteins carbohydrates |
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Term
|
Definition
| framework of the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| the diffusion of a solute across a membrane in a process that is energetically favorable and does not require an input of energy, can occur by passive diffusion or fascillitated diffusion (involves the aid of transport proteins) |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of water across membranes to balance solute concentrations |
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Term
| When the solute concentrations on both sides of the membrane are equal, the two solutions are said to be _______ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| When the solute concentration inside the cell is higher, it is said to be _______ relative to the outside of the cell, which is _________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Transport proteins cause biological membranes to be ___________ |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| transmembrane proteins that form an open passageway for the fascillitated diffusion of ions or molecules across the membrane |
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Term
| Most channels are gated which means: |
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Definition
| they can open to allow the diffusion of solutes and close to prohibit diffusion |
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Term
| ________ and _______ display diverse types of nutrition and response to oxygen |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| self feeders, ex: cyanobacteria, two categories: photoautotophs and chemoautotrophs |
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Term
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Definition
| are able to use light as a source of energy for synthesis of organic compounds from CO2 and H2O or H2S |
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Term
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Definition
| able to use energy obtained by chemical modifications of inorganic compounds to synthesize organic compounds |
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Term
|
Definition
| "other feeders", organisms that requrire at least one organic compound and often more |
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Term
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Definition
| they are able to use light energy to generate ATP but they must take in organic compounds from their environment |
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Term
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Definition
| must obtain organic molecules for both energy and as a carbon source |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| do not use O2, not poisoned by O2 either, they obtain their energy by anaerobic respiration which uses electron acceptors other than oxygen in electron transport processes |
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Term
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Definition
| dinitrogen consumers that conduct a specialized metabolic process called nitrogen fixation |
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Term
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Definition
| the removal of nitrogen from the gaseous phase is called fixation, during nitrogen fixation the enzyme nitrogenase converts atmospheric gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3), plants and eukaryotic algae can use ammonia to produce proteins and other essential nitrogen-containing molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| they display many adaptation that reduce nitrogenase exposure to oxygen (thick walls, absence of oxygen-producing photosystems, increased respiration (consumes oxygen)) |
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Term
| ______ and _______ play important roles in Earth's carbon cycle |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| along with other autotrophic bacteria, is an important producer--the bacteria together with algae and plants synthesize the organic compounds used by other organisms for food |
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Term
|
Definition
| include heterotrophic microorganisms, these organisms break down dead organisms and organic matter, releasing minerals for uptake by living things |
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Term
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Definition
| convert CO2, methyl groups, or acetate to methane and release it from their cells |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria live in symbiotic associations with eukaryotic organisms, if symbiotic associations are benefical to both partners, the association is referred to as mutualism, if one partner benefits at the expense of the other it is referred to as parasitism and the partner that benefits is a parasite/pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
| the name of parasitic microbes that cause disease symptoms in their host |
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Term
| How do pathogenic bacteria attack cells? |
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Definition
by binding to the target cell surfaces and injecting substances that help them utilize cell components. once within a host's cell, pathogenic bacteria use the cell's resources to reproduce and spread to nearby tissues |
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