Term
| What breaks covalent bonds? |
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Definition
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Definition
| by gain or loss of electrons |
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| reactions occur with the help of |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| hydrogen bonds form with... |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| water makes up __% of all living organisms by weight |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| as temp increases, rate at which H-bonds break... |
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Definition
| increases and molecules escape into gaseous form |
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Term
| why is ice less dense than water? |
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Definition
| the molecules are un an open arrangement |
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Term
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Definition
| large complex compounds (organic) |
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Term
| Friedrich Wohler studied... |
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Definition
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Term
| carbon bonds are long or short? |
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Definition
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Term
| carbon most commonly forms with... |
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Definition
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Term
| C-H is polar/nonpolar, soluble/not very soluble? |
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Definition
| nonpolar, poorly soluble in water |
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Term
| organic molecules and macromolecules contain |
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Definition
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Definition
| groups of atoms with special characteristics; same properties in all molecules its in |
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Definition
| carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids |
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Term
| macromolecules are made of |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| carbon containing compounds that are hydrated... made of C, H, & O |
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Definition
| "simple sugar" very soluble, common energy source. 5 or 6 carbons. can be ring or linear |
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Definition
| ribose, deoxyribose, monosaccharide |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| very water soluble; transported in blood and fluids (plasma membrane). broken down by enzymes. engergy released= ATP |
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Definition
| provides for many cellular processes |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 monosaccharides, sugars, table sugars |
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Term
| sucrose, maltose, lactose |
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Definition
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Term
| monosaccharides link together by |
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Definition
| removal of hydroxyl group, H atom from the other, increase in molecule of water (dehydration) |
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Term
| how do you make a monosaccharide from a disaccharide? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| long polymers, energy storage, structure |
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Definition
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Definition
| most common organic compound. helps with cell wall |
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Term
| lipids... nonpolar/polar, soluble/nonsoluble, etc |
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Definition
| nonpolar, very insoluble. energy storage (fats), membrane structure-phospholipids. hormones-steroids. made of hydrogen and carbon atoms |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| dehydration -> ester bond |
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Definition
| all carbons linked by single covalent bonds. high melting points. solid @ room temp |
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Definition
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Definition
| phosphate group, crucial for membrane structure. glycerol, 2 FA, phosphate head. polar head is hydrophyllic |
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Term
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Definition
| 4 fused rings, signaling molecules, turn genes on (estrogen, testosterone), cholesterol |
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Term
| steroids + hydroxyl group = |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| C, H, O, N. S in some essential amino acids. 20 AA building blocks |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| body knows how to put AA together with... |
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Definition
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Term
| 5 factors promoting protein folding and stability |
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Definition
| H-bonds, Ionic bonds, Hydrophobic effects, Van der Waals forces, Disulfide bridges |
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Term
| H-bonds (protein stability) |
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Definition
| strong force -> more folding |
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Term
| ionic bonds (protein stability) |
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Definition
| positive and negative sides bind and fold |
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Term
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Definition
| avoids water, center of protein |
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Term
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Definition
| atoms with weak attraction at optimal distance |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 Sulfur interact to hold together |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| dehydration to form proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| covalent bond b/w carboxyl & amino |
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Term
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Definition
| order of AAs... sequence. straight line |
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Term
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Definition
| repeating pattern determined by chemical and physical property of AAs. More compact/folded. flexible. |
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Term
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Definition
| 3D shape, protein folds back and forth on itself again, proteins from long distances can interact |
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Term
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Definition
| interaction of multiple polypeptides. |
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Term
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Definition
| phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, rings of carbon, base (N atoms) |
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Term
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Definition
| decodes/expresses genetic info, determines form, makes protein, single strand |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
small, single cells with no membrane enclosed nucleus
bacteria, archaea |
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Term
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Definition
| less common than bacteria. in deep sea, hot springs |
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Term
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Definition
| larger, compartmentalization |
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Term
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Definition
| (organelles separate-chemical rxns in different parts) |
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Definition
| protists, fungi, plants, animals |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| complement of genetic material |
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Term
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Definition
| cell membrane, cytoplasm/cytosol, ribosomes, DNA-based genome, need ATP for energy |
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Term
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Definition
| no nucleus, no mitochondria or chloroplasts, no endo membrane system. has organelles. |
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Term
| ribosomes are responsible for |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| barrier-double layer of phospholipids and proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| porous, doesnt prevent nutrients from getting in |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| attaches to surface and others |
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Term
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Definition
| traps water from getting out |
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Term
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Definition
| glycolyx-protects from immune systems |
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Term
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Definition
| tubulin. cell division. ring constricts -> 2 cells |
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Term
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Definition
| actin. polarity-spiral. cellular components distributed. filaments form. muscle fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| degradation of macromolecules |
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Term
| plasma membrane (eukaryotic) |
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Definition
| movement of substances in and out;signals |
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Term
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Definition
| metabolic; peptide synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| sorts, secretes lipids and proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| breakdown of harmful chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| detoxification/lipid synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| microtubules grow, centrioles found |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| organization/expression of genes |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| storage/regulation of cell volume |
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Term
| plant cells have ______ and ______. animal cells do not |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| all types of genetic material. similar in cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| amts of proteins made in a paricular cell @ a particular time under particular conditions. forms different structures. |
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Term
| gene to express protein must be _____. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| synthesis of protein's info w/i a gene is translated into sequence of AA in a polypeptide |
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Term
| translation requires _____, ______, and _____. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| provides info to make polypeptide |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| protein production: For prokaryotes, the events are in the ______ area; for eukaryotes they are ______(multiple words). |
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Definition
| same, separated by membrane |
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Term
| many _______ have jobs in membranes |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ carry proteins thoughout the endomembranes. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ proteins attach to other cells |
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Definition
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Term
| membrane proteins let _______ in, get ______ out. allow _________ between cells and help with the __________ of cells. |
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Definition
| nutrients, wastes, signaling, movement |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| all membranes have a _______ ________ with _________ embedded |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fluid layers, can move around but dont flip flop |
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Term
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Definition
| flip with energy, move laterally regularly |
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Term
| Fluidity of membrane depends on length of ______ and degree of _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The more unsaturated, the more _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Membrane barrier is very ______ on passing molecules. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| solute concentration is higher outside the cell (cell shrinks) |
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Term
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Definition
| solute concentration is lower outside the cell. (cell swells) |
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Term
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Definition
| solute concentration is equal inside and out. |
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Term
| a plant is wilting because _____ has left the cell and vacuole, there is a lack of ________ _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| diffusion is going from ______ to _______ concentration. |
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Definition
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Term
| cells maintain ________ across membranes. some are __________ and some are ___________. |
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Definition
| gradients, passive, facilitated |
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Term
| channels are either _____ or _____. it depends on if it has _______. conferred by change to _________ of protein. |
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Definition
| open, closed; enough; 3D shape |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of molecules against gradient. requires energy! |
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Term
| homeostasis is the most important concept in ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| any homostatic control system has three functional components: |
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Definition
| receptor, control center, effector |
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Term
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Definition
| detects a change in the internal environment (ie temperature) |
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Term
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Definition
| processes info from receptor and directs an appropriate reponse by effector |
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Term
| the molecular shape determines how biological molecules will _________ and __________ to one another. |
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Definition
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Term
| endorphin and morphine are similar in that they are: |
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Definition
| both addictive, identical shape. get one to "feel good" |
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Term
| Two anagostic hormones ___________ and __________ play role in _________ in mammals. |
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Definition
| PTH, calcitonin; homeostasis |
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Term
| Body temp kept constant with the cooperation of |
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Definition
| several negative-feedback circuits that regulate energy exchange with the environment |
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Term
| heat released from body by: |
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Definition
| blood vessels dialating, sweating |
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Term
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Definition
| blood vessels constricting, no sweating |
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Term
| common method of metabolic control, ________ ________ in which a metabolic pathway is turned off by its end product. |
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Definition
| feedback inhibition/product feedback |
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Term
| the end product acts as an _______ of an enzyme in the pathway. |
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Definition
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Term
| when the product is abundant, the product turns ___. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| change in monitored variable triggers for a continuous change (contractions constant) whatever produced, creates more of it |
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Term
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Definition
| whatever you produce, creates less of it. |
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Term
| the same hormone may have different effects on cells that have different ______, ___________ ___________ ________, or _________ |
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Definition
| receptors, signal transduction pathways, proteins |
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Term
| receptors do not recognize in certain places like _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| when nervous, your body.... |
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Definition
| has constricted blood vessles, stimulates glucose release from the liver (ATP for energy), inhibits production of saliva (dry mouth), speeds up hear rate, etc. |
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Term
| direct intercellular signaling |
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Definition
| cell junctions allow signaling molecule to pass from one cell to another |
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Term
| contact-dependent signaling |
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Definition
| some molecules are bound to the surface of cells and serve as signals to cell coming in contact |
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Term
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Definition
| cells secrete signaling molecules that bind to their own cell surface or neighboring cells of the same type |
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Term
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Definition
| signal does not affect cell secreting the signal but does influence cells in close proximity (synaptic signaling) |
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Term
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Definition
| signals (hormones) travel long distances are usually longer lasting |
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Term
| estrogen passes through _____ and binds to _________ in nucleus. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ ________, __________ _________, and some local __________ enter target cells and bind to intracellular receptors. |
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Definition
| steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, regulators (all transcription factors) |
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Term
| the receptors for most water-solulable hormones are embedded in the ..... |
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Definition
| plasma membrane, projecting outward from the cell surface. |
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Term
| signaling by water-soluble molecules involves 3 events: |
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Definition
| reception, signal transduction, response |
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Term
| binding of a hormone to its receptor initiates a ______ _______ pathway leading to specific responses in the cytoplasm or a change in ________ _____________. |
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Definition
| signal transduction, gene expression |
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Term
| signal-transduction pathways |
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Definition
| allow for small amounts of a hormone to have a large effect |
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Term
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Definition
| signaling molecule binds to receptor |
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Term
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Definition
| activated receptor stimulates a sequence of changes-signal transduction pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| alters activity of 1 or more enzyme, alters structural protein function, changes gene expression |
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Term
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Definition
| signaling molecule; binds noncovalently to receptor; binding and release b/w receptor & ligand relatively rapid; alter receptor structure |
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Term
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Definition
| found in all living species; extracellualr domain binds signal - > causes intracellular domain to become functional catalyst; most are protein kinases |
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Term
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Definition
| a kinase enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them (phosphorylation) |
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Term
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Definition
| guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. "molecular switches"(alternate b/w inactive and active guanosine diphosphate -> triphosphate), second messenger cascades, |
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Term
| G-protein coupled receptors |
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Definition
| in eukaryotes, protein contains 7 transmembrane segments, activated receptor binds to G protein, releases GDP and binds GTP instead; GTP causes G protein to dissociate |
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Term
| Ligand-gated ion channels |
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Definition
| plant/animal cells, channels open, ions flow through. (animals-signals b/w nerve and muscle cells) |
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Term
|
Definition
| signal transduction pathways lead to second messengers (ie Ca2+) |
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Term
| signal transduction (Ca2+) |
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Definition
| cells maintain a large Ca2+ gradient, 2 types of Ca pumps, when channels open, influx of Ca2+ acts like messenger |
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Term
| plants (signal transduction) |
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Definition
| phototrophism, opening and closing of stomata, gravitropism |
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Term
| animals (signal transduction) |
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Definition
| nerve transmission, muscle contraction, secretion of digestive enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| one organism composed of more than one cell; add'l proteins for cell communication, arrangement and attachment of cells, cell specialization |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| exports from outside of cell; network of material secreted form cells forming a meshwork outside of cells |
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Term
| major component of certain parts of plants and animals |
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Definition
extracellular matrix
w/ bones and cartilidge, woody parts of plants "glue together" |
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Term
| macromolecules of ECM are |
|
Definition
| proteins and polysaccharides |
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| polysaccharides of ECM give a |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The macromolecules of ECM play important roles such as _________, ____________ ___________, ___________, and ______ ____________. |
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Definition
| strength, structural support, organization, and cell signaling. |
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Term
| plant cell walls have protective ______ outside the plasma membrane and is stronger thicker and more rigid than animal _____. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| develops b/w newly made cells;flexible and can increase in size; composed of mainly cellulose |
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Term
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Definition
| layers of cellulose and other components; more variable structure than primary |
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Term
| cell junctions in animal cells |
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Definition
| adhere cells to each other and the ECM; animals are more caried; plants are diff b/c of rigid cell wall |
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Term
| tight junctions aka occluding junctions |
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Definition
| forms tight seal b/w adjacent cells, prevents leaking from ECM... bind to each other to form seal b/w adjacent cells |
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Term
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Definition
| gap b/w plasma membranes; connexon formed with 6 connexin proteins to another 6. |
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Term
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Definition
| allows passage of ions and small molecules, allows adjacent cell to share metabolities and directly signal each other |
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Term
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Definition
| plants dont form cell-to-cell connections; add'l component of ECM; 1st layer to form when cell divides; cell walls of adjacent cells together; rich on pectins (make fruit less firm) |
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Term
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Definition
| similar to gap junctions; allows passage of ions, water, signaling molecules b/w cells; open channels w/ cell membranes continuous |
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Term
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Definition
| environmental conditions primarily influence unicellular; multicellular rely on signaling molecules |
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Term
| What promotes cell division in plants? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what factors stimulate animal cells to grow? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| when cell is divided ____ is the same but the cells aren't _______. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1st gap; cell growth, nucleotide synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| substitute for G1 for cells not dividing |
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Term
| During _____, cell begins process of division, accumulates molecular changes, passes restriction point where cell enters S phase |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Chromosomes replicate during ____, forming sister chromatids. |
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Definition
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Term
| During ____, cell synthesizes proteins needed during mitosis and cytokinesis. |
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Definition
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Term
| During ____, cell synthesizes proteins needed during mitosis and cytokinesis. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| one cell nucleus divides into 2 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| G1-M; chromatin duplicated |
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Term
|
Definition
| mitotic spindle; 2 sister chromatids |
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Term
|
Definition
| spinde pole; kinetechores microtubules |
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Term
| kinetechores regulate ______ movement. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| daughter chromosomes (begin separation) |
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Term
|
Definition
| nucleus reforming; returns to normal; |
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Term
| Cytokinesis is _____ for animal; _____ _____ _______ for plants. |
|
Definition
| cleavage; cell plate formation |
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|
Term
| Mitosis results in 2 ________ nuclei |
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Definition
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|
Term
| cytokinesis results in 2 _______ cells |
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Definition
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|
Term
| replication is ____ preceeeded by DNA synthesis |
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Definition
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|
Term
| once chromatids separate, they are |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| movement is accomplished by _____ of microtubules at the kinetechore. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| changing, moving; the totality of an organism's (bio)chemical reactions |
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Term
|
Definition
chemical rxns in a series of steps; energy is fundamental
Starting molecule-(enzyme 1,rxn 1)>......product |
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|
Term
| enzymes direct ______ _______ _______. |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| releasing energy; breaking down molecules |
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Term
|
Definition
| consume energy; build molecules |
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Term
|
Definition
| the ability to promote change |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the central ability of organisms is the ability to _____ energy. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| cellular respiration and catabolic pathways... |
|
Definition
| unleash stored energy for cellular work |
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|
Term
| 1st law of thermodynamics |
|
Definition
| law of conservation of energy; E cannot be created/destroyed |
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|
Term
| 2nd law of thermodynamics |
|
Definition
| transfer of energy from one form to another increases entropy (degree of disorder) |
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|
Term
| The _______ of energy is contant; the _______ is not. |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| G; energy that can perform work when temp is uniform |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T= absolute ___________ in Kelvin units |
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Definition
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|
Term
| not all the energy is availiable because of the _________ ____________. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| inc in temp amplifies _________. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| when there is work, _____ ________ is lost. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| release of free energy; spontaneous; going to the gym->tired afterwards |
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Term
|
Definition
| requires addition of free energy (storage); non-spontaneous. before eating -> after |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| ie. reactants -> products |
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|
Term
| ATP is a ________ source. Some _____ use ATP as a source of energy. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| catalysts work with lower _________ energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the initial input of E to start rxn; allows molecules to get close enough to cause bond rearrangement; bonds are stretched |
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|
Term
| enzymes need helpers/activators like: |
|
Definition
| Cofactors/coenzymes/modification of enzyme activity |
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Term
|
Definition
| inorganic ion that temporarily binds to enzyme |
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Term
|
Definition
| organic molecule that participates in reaction but left unchanged |
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|
Term
| enzymes are affected by ________ |
|
Definition
| environment; temperature; pH |
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|
Term
| Gene expression regulation: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell-signaling pathways (hormones) |
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|
Term
| the _________ of enzymes w/i a cell helps order metabolism and inc efficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Competitive biochemical regulation |
|
Definition
| inhibitors:compete for access to active site |
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|
Term
| non-competitive biochemical regulation |
|
Definition
| inhibitors:bind outside the active site |
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Term
|
Definition
| binding causes conformational chg in enzyme active site inhibiting enzyme func |
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Term
|
Definition
| product of pathway inhibits early steps to prevent overaccumulation of product |
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|
Term
| to perform tasks, cells require _________ of energy from outside sources |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which living cells obtain energy from organic molecules; catabolic |
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|
Term
| Where is energy stored in organic compounds? |
|
Definition
| electrons of covalent bonds |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extracting electrons from organic molecules |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| give them to oxygen; addition of electrons |
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|
Term
| chemical process of respiration: 3 things |
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Definition
| oxidation, electron transport chain, reduction of O2 |
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Term
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Definition
| electron removed from 1 molecule and added to another |
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Term
| electrons removed by oxidation are used to create energy intermediates like ______ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| NADH when loaded with electrons is.... |
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Definition
| oxidized to make ATP, can donate electrons |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| 4 metabolic pathways/stages |
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Definition
1.Glycolysis
2.Pyruvate breakdown
3.Citric acid cycle
4.oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
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Definition
harvests energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate
-"splitting of sugar"
-occurs in cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
1.investment
2.cleavage
3.pay off |
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Term
| transfer if phosphate group from an organic molecule to ADP, forming ATP |
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Definition
| phosphorylation (occurs in glycolysis&citric acid cycle |
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Term
| In the presence of CO2, _____ is transported into mitochondria |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 3/4 glucose eneergy still in 2 molecules of CoA; acetyl enter cycle complete the oxidation to CO2 in mitochondria. loaded electron carriers produced |
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Term
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Definition
| some molecules enter, some leave; regeneration, replenished by enzymes |
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Term
| oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
| ATP formed as a result of electrons from NADH/FADH2 to O2 by a series of elecrton carriers |
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Term
| NADH and FADH2 donate _______ to the electron transport chain, which powers ______ synthesis |
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Definition
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Term
| during oxidative phosphorylation, ________ couples electron transport to ATP synthesis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| movement of e- generates H+ electrochemical gradient (pH, membrane potential) |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme-harnesses free energy as H+ flow thru membrane embedded region; rotary machine that makes ATP as it spins |
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Term
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Definition
| proton motive force converted to chemical bond energyg in ATP |
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Term
| ATP is synthesized by being turned ____degrees and _ turns/cycle |
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Definition
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Term
| ATP synthase turns __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| during cellular respiration, only _____ is outside the mitochondria |
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Definition
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Term
| the rate of catabolism is regulated by.... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| regulating activity of enzymes at strategoc points in the catabolic pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| enables some cells to produce ATP w/o the help of oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate |
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Term
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Definition
| essential for cell structure/function |
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Term
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Definition
| synthesis of secondary metabolites that are not essential for cell structure/growth. |
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Term
| what are primary metabolisms? |
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Definition
| lipid degradation, protein synthesis, RNA transcription, photosynthesis |
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Term
| 4 categories of 2nd metabolism |
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Definition
| penolics(antioxidants), alkaloids(defense:caffiene, nicotine), terpenoids(intense odors), and polyketides(chemical weapons) |
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Term
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Definition
| produce organic molecules from CO2 or other inorganic materials. |
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Term
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Definition
| live on organic compounds produced by other organisms. (consumers) |
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Term
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Definition
| use light as energy source (plants) |
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Term
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Definition
| harvest energy from oxidizing inorganic substances (ammonia), get carbon from CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
| converts light energy to chemical energy |
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Term
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Definition
| green part of plants, mainly in leaves |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| chemical energy -> store in organic compounds |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| electromagnetic energy, travels in photons in rhythmic waves,measured by waverlength |
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Term
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Definition
| Rate of photosynthesis by whole plant at specific wavelengths |
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Term
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Definition
| Wavelengths that are absorbed by different pigments in the plant |
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Term
| excited electron is _____ from nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pigment molecules in the thykaloid membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| reaction center chlorophyll has an absorption peak at 700nm |
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Term
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Definition
| has a reaction center with a peak at 680nm. |
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Term
| photosystem 2 directly... |
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Definition
| absorbs photons. energy is transferred via resonacne energy transfer. reaction center unstable, transferred to primary electron acceptor, removes electrons from water to replace oxidized P680. |
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Term
| oxidation of water yields... |
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Definition
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Term
| Photosystem 1: light harvesting complex transfers energy to a ________ ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| PS1: rxn center with _____ and transferred to a primary electron acceptor. |
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Definition
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Term
| the cyclic electron flow produces _____ and _____ in roughly equal quantities |
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Definition
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Term
| the calvin cycle consumes more _____ than _____. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| generates enough surplus ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| biochemical process that used ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 to sugar |
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Term
| the calvin cycle ________ its starting material after molecules enter and leave the cycle |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ enters the cycle and leaves as _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| the cycle spends the energy of ____ and the reducing power or electrons carried by _____ to make the sugar |
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Definition
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Term
| the calvin cycle occurs in the _____ of choloroplasts |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
1.carbon fixation
2.reduction
3.RuBP(CO2 acceptor) regeneration |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when rubisco adds O2 to RuBP, RuBP splits into a 3 carbon piece and a 2 carbon piece; decreases photosynthetic output by siphoning organic material from the calvin cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| initial fixation of CO2 occurs via rubisco and results in a 3C compound, 3-phosphoglycerate (rice, wheat) |
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Term
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Definition
| fix CO2 1st in a 4 carbon compound; mimimizes photorespiration |
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Term
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Definition
| open stomata during night, close during day. minimize photorespiration (cacti). fix CO2 into organic acids during night, durning day, CO2 is released |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| get energy from light, get carbon from CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
| get energy from organic chemicals, get carbon from organic chemicals made by other organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| get energy from light, get carbon form organic chemicals made by other organisms |
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Term
obligate aerobe
microaerophile
facultive aerobe
aerotolerant anaerobe
obligate anaerobe |
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Definition
1. must have O2
2. need O2 and CO2
3. can grow w/ or w/o O2
4. can grow in O2 but dont use it
5. killed by O2 |
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Term
| enzymes required for N fixation are found only in _____ |
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Definition
| prokaryotes (plant roots, water, soil) |
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