Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Anticholinergic bronchodilator |
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Term
| Name two beta-2 agonists (bronchodilators) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Physiologic effects of PTH? |
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Definition
Increase bone resorption
Increase Ca reabsorption
Increase PO4(3-) excretion
Increase HCO3- excretion |
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Term
| What provides converging power? |
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Definition
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Term
Pupillary reflexes...
Normal?
Miotic?
Mydriatic? |
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Definition
Normal 3-5 mm
Miotic < 3 mm
Mydriatic >7 mm |
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Term
| What makes up the uveal tract? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Pigmented stx containing blood vessels supplying the eye |
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Term
| What is the Canal of Schlemm? |
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Definition
| Aqueous humor (produced by ciliary body) reabsorbed here |
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Term
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Definition
1st order neuron: originates in hypothalamus and runs ipsilateral to C8-T2
2nd order neuron: synapses in cervical chain ganglion
Post-ganglionic neuron: long ciliary nerve--iris dilator muscle |
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Term
| Constriction reflex--what happens? |
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Definition
1) First ganglionic fibers hemidecussate at the chiasm
2) Enter brainstem via superior colliculi and synapse in pretectal area
3) 2nd order neurons ipsilateral/contralateral to Edinger-Westphal nucleus
4) Efferent fibers from CN III to synapse in ciliary ganglia
5) Postganglionic fibers (ciliary nerves)--iris sphincter muscle
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Term
| Where does light focus in myopia? |
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Definition
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Term
| Innervation of anterior 2/3 of tongue |
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Definition
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Term
| Innervation of posterior 1/3 of tongue? |
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Definition
CN IX
(Glossopharyngeal Nerve) |
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Term
| What innervates the throat and epiglottis? |
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Definition
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Term
What does the urticle respond to? |
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Definition
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Term
What does the saccule respond to? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| air inspired or expired with each breath |
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Term
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Definition
| additional air inspired above the tidal volume |
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Term
| Expiratory reserve volume |
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Definition
| air that is forcefully expired after normal expiration |
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Term
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Definition
Gas that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration |
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Term
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Definition
Volume in lungs after maximal inspiration |
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Term
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Definition
| Volume that can be expired after a maximal inspiration |
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Term
| Functional residual capacity |
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Definition
| Air that remains in lungs after a normal expiration |
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Term
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Definition
| Volume of the conducting airways |
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Term
| Test for force vital capacity measures? |
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Definition
| It evaluates RESISTANCE properties of the airways |
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Term
| What is the normal peak expiratory flow? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Fe (2+)--> Fe (3+) state
-Unable to bing Oxygen and gives skin a "bluish" cyanotic color
-Caused by food/drugs (nitrites, fava beans |
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Term
| Name several factors that effect V/Q |
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Definition
-Gravity
-alveolar hypoxia, hypercapnia and acidosis=> hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
-generalized alveolar hypoxia-->increased total pulmonary vascular resistance |
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Term
| What are the clinical manifestations of decreased V/Q? |
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Definition
Decreased V/Q is caused by decreased ventilation or increased blood flow.
Clinical manifestation:
-decreased alveolar [O2} and increased [CO2]
-eg. pulmonary edema
--can be assessed by measuring lung diffusing capacity |
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Term
| What are the clinical manifestations of INCREASED V/Q ratio? |
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Definition
Caused by increased ventilation or decreased blood flow.
Clincal manifestations:
-increased alveolar [O2] but decreased O2 uptake
-eg. pulmonary embolism
--can be assessed with ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan |
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Term
Gas exchange barriers in Dz:
Diffusion-limited gas exchange |
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Definition
(Decreased V/Q)
-Emphysema destroys alveolar septa-->decreased surface area
-Interstitial Dz of pulmonary edema-->increased diffusion distances |
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Term
Gas Exchange Barriers in Dz
Perfusion-limited gas exchange |
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Definition
Increased V/Q
-Pulmonary embolism-->ventilated but underperfused lung |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common type of hypoxemia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is arterial hypoxemia? |
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Definition
| Decrease in alveolar ventilation leading to an increase in oxygenation of arterial blood |
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Term
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Definition
Hb saturation (SaO2) <90%
~PO2 <60 mmHg
PCO2 >45 mmHg |
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Term
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Definition
Less than or equal to 10-15 mmHg
(the A-a gradient is the difference between alveolar and arterial O2 tension) |
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Term
| Other than arterial hypoxemia, what are other types of hypoxia? |
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Definition
Ischemic hypoxia: inadequate blood flow secondary to thrombus or embolism
Anemic hypoxia: insufficient functional [Hb]
Histotoxi hypoxia: inactivation of certain enzymes (eg. cyanide poisoning) |
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Term
| Metabolic effects of glucocortoids? |
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Definition
CARBS: decreased carb metabolism (hyperglycemia, insulin resistance)
PROTEINS: proteolysis of skeletal muscle, forms AA substates for gluconeogenesis
LIPIDS: fatty acids mobilization from adipose tissue to liver
(leads to ketosis and enhances gluconeogenesis) |
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Term
| Anti-inflammatory effects of Glucocorticoids? |
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Definition
1) Stabilizes lysosome membranes
2) Decreased leukocyte diapedesis
3) Decreased # of circulating WBCs
4) Decrease in body's immune response
5) Decreased production of interleukin-2
6) Inhibits T cell proliferation |
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Term
| Physiologic effects of glucocorticoids? (other than anti-inflammatory) |
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Definition
Gastric: increased gastric acid secretion, decreased mucosal cell proliferation
Psychiatric: euphoria followed by paranoia, psychosis, depression
Vascular: helps maintain normal BP, enhances vasopressor effects of NE by upregulating alpha-1 recetpors |
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Term
What are the effects of bradykinin? |
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Definition
-Arteriolar dilation
ACE degrades bradykinin
ACE-Inhibitors help to lower blood pressure
-Venous constriction |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins that form membrane-attack complexes |
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Term
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Definition
Produced by macrophages and endothelium
Induces vasodilation and decreases platelet aggregation |
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Term
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Definition
Produced by WBC and endothelium
Induces platelet aggregation, bronchoconstriction, vasodilation |
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Term
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Definition
Proteins produces by macrophages and endothelium
Induces WBC aggregation, primes cells for inflammatory effects |
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Term
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Definition
Arterial dilation
Venous constriction |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Prostaglandins:
-vasodilates or constricts
-induces fever and pain
Thromboxane:
-platlet aggregation
-vasoconstriction
Inhibited by NSAIDS
ASA reduces TX production, therefore decreases platelet aggregation |
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Term
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Definition
Vasoconstriction
Bronchospasm
Increase vascular permeability |
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Term
| What are the effects of metabolic acidosis on AG? |
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Definition
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Term
| What runs through stylomastoid foramen? |
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Definition
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Term
For a metabolic disorder, what is the respiratory compensation? |
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Definition
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Term
| For a respiratory disorder, what is the metabolic compensatory mechanism? |
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Definition
If acidosis--Increase bicarb reabsorption
If alkalosis--Decrease HCO3- reabsorption |
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