Term
|
Definition
| Immediate response, general defense against infection, no memory (Macrophages and Dendritic cells) |
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Term
|
Definition
| takes longer, specific response to pathogens, memory cells produced (T & B cells) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Skin, part of first line of defense, mucus membrane, tears, sweat, skin bacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
| high pH to get rid of bacteria/pathogens, saliva, tears, sweat |
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Term
|
Definition
| Most abundant WBC, First responders, phagocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Found in blood, WBC, Releases histamine to cause inflation |
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Term
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Definition
| WBC, target parasitic infections, allergy |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in tissues, releases histamine |
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Term
|
Definition
| Phagocyte, WBC, mobilize adaptive immunity |
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Term
|
Definition
| kill abnormal body cells and activate B cells (Cell mediated Immunity) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Make protein anitbodies, produced in Red bone marrow, antibody mediated immunity |
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Term
| 4 functions of lymphatic system |
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Definition
Drainage (Absorb excess fluid)
Delivery (Absorb fat)
Disposal (Transport foreign material to lymph nodes)
Defense (helps defend body against pathogens) |
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Term
|
Definition
one way valve system that carries fluid.
Capillaries(take up excess fluid)
Vessels(muscle compressions move fluid)
Thoracic/Right lymphatic duct two main "Highways" |
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Term
| What does Lymph system produce? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Vital Lymphatic organs (2) |
|
Definition
Red Bone marrow (B cell maturation)
Thymus (t cells multiply and mature, produce thymosin) |
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Term
| Secondary lymphatic organs (4) |
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Definition
Lymph Nodes (filteration)
Tonsils (Filter lymph)
Spleen (Filter blood)
Peyer's patch/appendix (pathogens in Intestines) |
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Term
| 4 key players in 2nd line of defense |
|
Definition
phagocytic WBC
Complement protein
Inflammatory response
Fever (pos. feedback) |
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Term
| Complement protein (2 pathways of destruction) |
|
Definition
1. Mark pathways for destruction, suicide mission
2. Form pores in wall of pathogen, cell bursts |
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Term
|
Definition
Cytokine releases/activates complement proteins
Histamine released
Macrophages respond to marked pathogens and eat them |
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Term
| Four hallmark symptoms of inflammation |
|
Definition
redness/heat (increase blood flow/temp)
Swelling/pain (Excess fluid pressure) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Forced Inhalation + tidal vol + forced exhalation |
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Term
| Four key features of Adaptive immunity |
|
Definition
Recognition of self vs. nonself
Specificity (B/T cells only make one type of antigen)
Diversity (need to recognize more than one pathogen)
Memory (reserve cells for future) |
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Term
|
Definition
| label body cells as not pathogen |
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Term
|
Definition
Cytotoxic T cells: Kill!
Helper T cells: release cytokines to promote b cell activity |
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Term
|
Definition
| act right away, undergo apoptosis when finished killing pathogen |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| B & T cells divide after an interaction with a pathogen |
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Term
| Antigen presenting cells (3) |
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Definition
| Macrophages, B cells, Dendritic cells. |
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|
Term
| Antigen presenting cells process |
|
Definition
| engulf cell, cut into peices, display marker, cell mediated immunity begins |
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Term
|
Definition
| Main antibody can cross plasma |
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Term
|
Definition
| Abundant in tears, saliva, milk, mucus |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| 10 places to attach, 1st secreted during immune response, can be secreted |
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Term
|
Definition
| make holes in infected cell's membranes |
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Term
| What causes rejection of tissue |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| make no immune system, prone to infection except in cornea/testes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Long lasting, natural infection (chickenpox) Vaccination |
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Term
|
Definition
| short lived, passed from mother to fetus/mother to infant/injections |
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Term
|
Definition
| antibodies made in the lab by cells cloned from plasma B cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| cytokines activate B/T cells to treat disease, stops cell division |
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Term
|
Definition
| whole-body allergic response |
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|
Term
| Steps leading to allergic response |
|
Definition
1.allergy enters body
2. B cells recognize/bind to
3. Helper T cells secrete cytokines
4. Clonal expansion of B cell
5. Effector B cell produce IgE
6. IgE attachs to mast cell
7. Mast cells release histamine and cytokine |
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Term
|
Definition
Rheumatoid arthritis
Type 1 diabetes (no insulin)
Systemic lupus (attacks whole body) |
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Term
|
Definition
| weakened or missing immune system |
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|
Term
| severe combined immune deficiency |
|
Definition
inherited, T cells not developed properly, kills infants
Treatment: bone marrow transplant or gene therapy |
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Term
|
Definition
| instructions in form of RNA not DNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| kills lymphocytes, macrophages, and Helper T cells, let in by accident because written into DNA |
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Term
| Three things for AIDS patient |
|
Definition
1. HIV positive
2. severely compromised immune system
3. Indicator disease |
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Term
|
Definition
1. how fast invades body
2. degree of damage
3. antibiotic resistance |
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|
Term
| 4 ways a pathogen spreads |
|
Definition
1. Direct contact (body fluid)
2. Indirect contact (shower)
3. Inhaling pathogen
4. Contact with flies/ticks/fleas |
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Term
|
Definition
| disease rates increase above predicted level |
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Term
|
Definition
| Epidemic breaks out over several countries |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Common cold, occurs more or less continuously |
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Term
|
Definition
| Nose-epiglottis-pharynx-larynx-trachea-bronchus-bronchioles-aveoli |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| throat; connects larynx and esophagus |
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Term
|
Definition
| mucus that covers lungs to allow it to glide over each other while lungs contract and relax |
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Term
|
Definition
| Where gases diffuse between lungs and blood capillaries, provide large surface area |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs in alveoli, exchange of inhaled oxygen and CO2 |
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Term
| What diffuses down a concentration gradient? |
|
Definition
| O2 and CO2, partial pressure gradient. Thin walls of aveoli allows this |
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Term
|
Definition
| when it binds in RBC to O2 it helps maintain the pressure gradient that draws air into lungs |
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Term
| What maintains pressure gradient?? |
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Definition
| Removing oxygen from the lungs!! |
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Term
|
Definition
| tissue chronically short of oxygen, hyperventilation occurs |
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Term
|
Definition
| active process of inhalation that brings air into the lungs |
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Term
|
Definition
| passive process of exhalation that expels air from the lung |
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Term
|
Definition
1. diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract
2. diaphragm flattens, rib cage moves up
3. air pressure in lungs decreases
4. air flows from outside in |
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Term
|
Definition
1.Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax
2. diaphragm moves upward
3. ribcage moves down
4. vol of thoracic cavity and lungs decrease
5. air pressure in lungs increases
6. air flows out of lungs |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forcefully inhale-3100 mL |
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Term
|
Definition
| forcefully exhale-1200 mL |
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Term
|
Definition
| amount left in lungs after forceful exhale, 1200 mL |
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Term
|
Definition
| inspiratory reserve vol + expiratory reserve vol + tidal vol= 4800 mL |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Cellular respiration (internal) |
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Definition
| Gas exchange between systemic capillaries and tissue fluid (cells), use oxygen to make energy. Produces CO2 |
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Term
| Whole body respiration (external) |
|
Definition
| exchange of gases with the atmosphere, occurs between pulmonary capillares and alveoli |
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|
Term
| Cell respiration equation (buffer system) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| On surface of RBC, starts hemoglobin cellular respiration cycle |
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|
Term
| Where does buffer system begin? |
|
Definition
| surface of RBC because thats where the enzyme is |
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|
Term
| What carries the majority of CO2 in the blood plasma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controls breathing from the brain, sends out nerve impulses to contract muscles |
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|
Term
| What monitors CO2 concentration to control breathing? |
|
Definition
| Sensors from arteries monitor CO2, O2, and blood pH |
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Term
|
Definition
| controls pharynx & larynx |
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Term
|
Definition
| goes to and controls diaphragm |
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|
Term
| what else control air flow and blood flow (2) |
|
Definition
1. diameter of bronchioles
2. Diameter of alveoli capillaries |
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|
Term
| Respiratory disorders (4) |
|
Definition
Bronchitis
Emphysema
Asmtha
Apnea |
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|
Term
| Pathogens/cancer in respiratory system (4) |
|
Definition
Pneumonia
Influenza
Tuberculosis
Histoplasmosis |
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Term
|
Definition
| cancer in cells lining aveoli |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most aggressive form of cancer |
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|
Term
| Five major functions of digestive system |
|
Definition
1. mechanical processing and mobility
2. secretion
3. digestion
4. absorption
5. elimination |
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Term
|
Definition
| mouth-pharynx-larynx-esophagus-stomach-small intestine-large intestine-rectum-anus |
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Term
|
Definition
| considered only when in mouth,uses mechanical ways of chewing to break down food |
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Term
|
Definition
| chewed mass of food in pharynx and esophagus |
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Term
|
Definition
| soupy food mixture in stomach and small intestine |
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Term
|
Definition
| poop in large intestine, rectum, anus |
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|
Term
| where are carbs, lipids,nucleic acid, and proteins digested? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major components of digestion (8) |
|
Definition
| mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus |
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|
Term
| Accessory organs of digestion (4) |
|
Definition
| salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas |
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|
Term
| 4 layers of esophagus inside out |
|
Definition
1. Mucosa (epithelial tissue)
2. submucosa (connective tissue)
3. muscularis (smooth muscle)
4. Serosa (epithelial tissue) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| begins in mouth, chewing (mastication), tongue helps for bolus |
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Term
|
Definition
| mix food with saliva, starch digestion begins in mouth |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| swallowing voluntary phase |
|
Definition
| beginning of food being swallowed until pharynx |
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|
Term
| Involuntary phase of swallowing |
|
Definition
| once food in pharynx, epiglottis covers voice box food moves down |
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Term
|
Definition
| rhythmic contractions move food |
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|
Term
| 3 major functions of stomach |
|
Definition
1. mix/store ingested food
2. produce secretion to break down food (protein digestion begins in stomach)
3. Controls food entering small intestine |
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Term
|
Definition
| controls food entering small intestine (valve) |
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Term
|
Definition
| very acidic, contains gastric juices and converts bolus into chyme |
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Term
|
Definition
| site of completion of digestion, digested food absorbed through large surface area of microvilli |
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Term
|
Definition
| must go from food into lacteal into blood |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pancreas, liver, gall bladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
exocrine glands
endocrine glands
Pancreatic juice |
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|
Term
| Exocrine gland in pancreas |
|
Definition
| secretes digestive enzymes |
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|
Term
| Endocrine gland in pancreas |
|
Definition
secretes hormones into blood
insulin (glucose to glycogen in liver)just ate
glucagon (glycogen to glucose)-no foo/sleep |
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Term
|
Definition
| bicarbonate to neutralize acidic chyme from stomach |
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Term
|
Definition
| detoxifies blood, makes/secretes bile, makes B cell (plasma) antibodies, stores vitamins and glucose |
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Term
|
Definition
| stores excess bile that allows fats to emysify into water |
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Term
|
Definition
| fats need to be coated in bile salt then lipase digests it and is absorbed into bood. |
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|
Term
| Digestive carb enzymes (3) |
|
Definition
Salivary Amylase
Pancreatic Amylase
Maltase (makes small carbs into glucose) |
|
|
Term
| Digestive protein enzyme (3) |
|
Definition
Pepsin
Trypsin
Peptidases (make single amino acid) |
|
|
Term
| Digestive fat protein enzyme |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Digestive nucleic acid enzyme |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what enzyme functions best in a neutral environment? |
|
Definition
| Salivary Amylase (produced in mouth) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Function of large intestine |
|
Definition
absorbs water and some vitamins
MAKES POOP |
|
|
Term
| Hormones that regulate digestion (3) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stomach, increases acid secretion |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Small intestine, stimulates gall bladder to release bile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small intestine, increases bicarbonate secretion by pancreas, slows contractions |
|
|
Term
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease |
|
Definition
chronic heartburn
chyme backs up in esophagus
limit acidic foods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 parts of large intestine |
|
Definition
Ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the lining of large intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disturbance of smooth muscle contractions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
#2 diagnosed cancer, easily treated if caught early, high fat low fiber
If polyp visible could be cancer |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lacks digestive enzymes, difficult to digest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of intestinal lining |
|
|
Term
| Diarrhea (2 microorganisms) |
|
Definition
Giardia intestinalis
E. Coli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| peptic ulcers open sores in stomach leads to gastritis and stomach cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measure of blood sugar for 2 hours after eating. Spikes after simple sugars |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| not able to be produced by liver (8 amino acids essential) |
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Term
|
Definition
| organic substance, needed for growth and survival |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
calcium
iodine
iron
potassium |
|
|
Term
| 3 antioxidant vitamins and purpose |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
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