Term
| Is water polar or non-polar? |
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Definition
| Polar, allows it to form hydrogen bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| Water "fearing" molecules that tend to assosiate with other molecules rather than water |
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Term
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Definition
| Water "loving", contempt in an aques enviroment |
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Term
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Definition
| Neutral/both ways. Hydrophilic charged phosphate head groups, fatty acid side chains. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sequence of amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| single celled organisms containing Ribosomes, single strand DNA, and cytoskeletal elements. |
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Term
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Definition
surrounded by a biological membrane, contain numerous membrane bound organelles such as:
Mitochondria
Vessecles
Lysisomes
Nucleous |
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Term
| What is the definition of DNA |
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Definition
Deoxyribose Nucleaic Acid that is found in the nucleus.
Bases are:
Adennine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine |
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Term
| What is RNA and what does it do? |
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Definition
Single stranded Ribose sugar found throughout the cell and are usually single stranded. Their job is to code proteins using codons. Bases:
Adenine
Uracil
Cytosine
Guanine |
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Term
| What is the Helicase's role in DNA replication? |
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Definition
| To "unzip" the DNA molecule by seperating hydrogen bonds so it can later be copied or transcribed. |
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Term
| What follows the Helicase in DNA replication and what is it's function? |
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Definition
Polymerase: To match each base with it's compliment (T:A---C:G)
only moves from the 3' end to 5' end. |
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Term
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Definition
| Making an mRNA copy of the DNA. Transcription starts with the promoter bonding to the TATA box, and then an RNA is brought in to match base pairs of DNA with the compliment RNA. |
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Term
| What are Introns and Exons? |
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Definition
| Introns are part of the RNA that is removed, and Exons are spliced together to form the mRNA |
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Term
| What is the process of Translation? |
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Definition
| making a protein by using mRNA as a code for amino acids. |
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Term
| WHere does Translation occur? |
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Definition
| All translation begins in the cytoplasm and occurs at the ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of adding sugars to proteins. This begins in the RER Lumen, then continues to the Golgi Apparatus. |
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Term
| Once a protein enters the Golgi Apparatus through Glycosolation, what 3 things can happen to it? |
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Definition
1. Secreted Proteins: travel to cell membrane via vessicle, fuses with the membrane, and the protein then exits to extracellular space.
2. Lysosomal Proteins: Travel via vessicle to the lysosome.
3. Transmembrane Proteins: Travel to cell membrane via vessicle and fuse to the membrane, where it remains, sugars pointed out. |
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Term
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Definition
| A collection of similar cells that perform a similar function. |
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Term
| What are Epithelial Tissues? |
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Definition
| Closely spaced cells connected by cellular junctions. POLARIZED. |
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Term
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Definition
| communicating junctions composed of 6 transmembrane proteins (connexions that together make a connexon.) They allow molecules less than 1000 molecular weight through (NO PROTEINS) |
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Term
| What are Tight Junctions? |
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Definition
| Don't allow anything from the Lumen to find its way between the cells. |
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Term
| What are Desmesomes and what do they do? |
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Definition
| Anchor cells together and are composed of transmembrane proteins (cadherins) reaching out to other cells. |
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Term
| What are Hemidesmisomes and what do they do? |
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Definition
| Attach Epitheliac cells to the Basil Lamina and are composed of transmembrane proteins (integrins) that reach out to the basil lamina. |
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Term
| What are Tight Junctions? |
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Definition
| Don't allow anything from the Lumen to find its way between the cells. |
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Term
| What is Connective Tissue? |
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Definition
Extracellular matrix surrounding spaced out cells (a network of proteins linked together)
Collagen
Ellastin
Glycosaminoglycans |
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Term
| What is an example of a "True Organ"? |
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Definition
| Skin, because it has several different tissue types. |
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Term
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Definition
| Outter layers of skin, made up of epithelial tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| Deeper layer, made up of connective tissue. Contain blood vessels which nourish the Epidermal layers. |
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Term
| What are the 4 layers of the Epidermis? |
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Definition
1. Stratum Basale: bottom layer, source of replicant cells.
2. Stratum Spinosum: Next layer, VIT D.
3. Stratum Grandulosum: Granules containing "glycolipid" which keeps the skin waterproof.
4. Stratum Corneum: dead skin cells containing Keratin. |
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Term
| What does the Endocrine System use as chemical messengers? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some of the main functions of the Endocrine System? |
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Definition
1. Homeostasis-internal enviroment
2. Energy Utilization-insulation, glucagon, and cortisol
3.Growth and Development-Growth hormone, Thyroid hormone.
Reproduction-Estrogen, Testosterone, and Progesterone. |
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Term
| What are the 3 pathways of the Endocrine System? |
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Definition
1.Endocrine: Hormones released from the cell and travels through the bloodstream.
2.Paracrine: Hormones are picked up by neighboring cells.
3.Autocrine: Target cell is the same as the releasing cell. |
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Term
| What are the 3 main types of proteins? |
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Definition
Protein/Peptide Hormones
Steroid Proteins
Modified Amino Acids |
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Term
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Definition
| Chelesterol derivatives that are lipid soluble meaning they can easily diffuse the cell membrane making their receptors intracellular. |
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Term
| What is the Anitomical breakdown of the Pituitary Gland |
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Definition
Posterior Pituitary: Extension of the Hypothalimus.
Anterior Pituitary: Seperated from the Hypothalimus by a bloodstream. |
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Term
| What are the functions of the Posterior Pituitary gland. |
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Definition
Secretes 2 hormones:Oxytocin (muscle contraction at birth)
Anti-Diuretic Hormone-Helps you retain water |
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Term
| What are the functions of the Anterior Pituitary Gland? |
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Definition
True Gland: Controlled by hormones from the Hypothalamus.
Also releases 6 hormones of its own:
Growth Hormone/ACTH/Thyroid Stimulating Hormone/LH/FSH/Prolactin |
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Term
| What is the Growth Hormone, and what does it do? |
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Definition
| Nuerons in the Hypothalimus cause it to release from the Anterior Pituitary Gland into the blood where it goes to its receptors on the liver and fat. Once the liver is stimulated by a GH it secretes IGF-1 which causes bone growth. |
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Term
| Where does the Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) originate and what is it's function in the Endocrine System? |
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Definition
| Nerves fire at the level of the Hypothalamus which activate ACTH in the Anterior Pituitary gland, they stimulate cells in the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol. |
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Term
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Definition
| Helps maintain blood glucose levels |
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Term
| What is the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone? |
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Definition
| Releasing factors from the Hypothalamus release TSH from the Pituitary and from there it travels to it's target, the Thyroid gland. Once there Thyroid hormones are secreted which increase metabolic rate and body temperature. Also promotes growth in children. |
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Term
| What does the Parathyroid Hormone do? |
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Definition
| Takes calcium out of the bone and releases it into the bloodstream. This is only activated if calcium levels are too low. |
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