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| T/F: Homeostasis is maintaining the dynamic consistency of the internal environment of an organism |
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Definition
| correct deviations from a set point |
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| Negative feedback loops require |
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| T/F: Positive feedback loops accentuate a difference |
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| Mammals and birds are , which means they maintain constant internal body temperature. |
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| The hypothalamus responds to a decrease in body temperature by inducing |
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Definition
| A and B, all but dilation of blood vessels |
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| The hypothalamus responds to an increase in body temperature by inducing |
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Definition
| A and B, all but constriction |
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| One has just eaten a large candy bar. Which of the following is not a response due to eating the candy bar? |
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Definition
| increased levels of glycogen in the bloodstream |
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Term
| The functional unit of the kidney is the |
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| Urine leaves the kidneys via the |
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| The is the part of the nephron where the blood is filtered. |
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| Which of these items does not get filtered out of the blood when it is passing through the Glomerulus? |
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Definition
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| Some components of the blood including ions, glucose amino acids and some of the water go from the glomerulus into |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of these molecules do kidneys reabsorb? |
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Definition
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| Which of these molecules do kidneys not excrete? |
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| Urine is acidic due to the excretion of |
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| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) modulates the reabsorption by the kidney of what? |
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Term
| Aldosterone promotes the of Na ions by the kidney. |
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Definition
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Term
| homeostasis regulates metrics such as |
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Definition
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Term
| If one has low blood volume, one would expect the brain to signal |
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Definition
| A and B, thirst and increase vasopressin levels |
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Term
| Baroreceptors (2 questions) |
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Definition
| A,B,D for one, and all of the above for the second. all but respond to changes in blood pH |
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Term
| If one has lowered blood ion levels through sweating, one would expect the brain to signal |
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Definition
| A,B,C, all but decreased motility and increase insulin secretion |
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Term
| The function of the endocrine system is to |
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Definition
| regulate the function of various glands throughout an organism |
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Term
| Which is not a gland involved in the endocrine system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Polypeptide hormones include |
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Definition
| A and C, not testosterone |
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Term
| Glycoprotein hormones include |
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Definition
| follicle stimulating hormone |
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| Some cells and tissues do not respond to a specific hormone |
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Definition
| because they do not have any receptors for this hormone |
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Term
| The islets of Langerhans in the pancreas respond to low blood glucose levels by |
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Definition
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Term
| Negative feedback inhibition can occur in the endocrine system |
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Definition
| A and B, not when they cause target glands to stop secreting hormones |
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Term
| The thyroid gland secretes thyroxine and thus |
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Definition
| affects basal metabolic rate |
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Term
| The parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone and thus |
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Definition
| B and D, not flight or fight or basal metabolic rate |
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Term
| The thyroid gland also releases calcitonin, a hormone that |
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Definition
| Stimulate Ca 2+ deposition in the bone when blood Ca 2+ levels are high |
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Term
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Definition
| A and C, not secrete glucose from the cortex |
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Term
| The osmoreceptors in the posterior pituitary |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A,B,D not increase glucose secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| A,C,D, not increase glucose uptake by adipocytes |
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Term
| Calcium levels in the blood are increased by |
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Definition
| A,B,D, not calcitonin increasing calcium deposition in bones |
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Term
| Calcium levels in the blood are decreased by |
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Definition
| B and C, not parathyroid hormone releasing calcium from bones or increased calcium absorption in intestine |
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Term
| T/F: The skin serves as the first line of defense against microbes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Natural killer cells destroy virally infected cells by |
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Definition
| inserting a protein that causes pores in the cell membrane that allow in water so that the cell swells and bursts |
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Term
| T/F: Macrophages phagocyte bacteria and dead cells. |
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Definition
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| T/F: Proteins from pollen can act as an antigen in some humans, thus causing antibodies to be made by B cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| Diabetes is a disease in which levels in the blood are no longer properly regulated and kept within a narrow range. |
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Definition
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Term
| In type 1 diabetes the pancreatic beta cells no longer synthesize |
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Definition
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Term
| In type 2 diabetes the cells become less responsive to |
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Definition
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| Some complications of diabetes include |
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Definition
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Term
| Homologous chromosomes line up next to each other |
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Definition
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Term
| In the process of meiosis, chromatids separate |
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Definition
| during meiosis II anaphase |
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Term
| T/F: Sexual reproduction increases genetic variability in the population. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sexual reproduction increases genetic variability in a species through |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Independent Assortment is the idea that homologous chromosomes are independently sorted during meiosis |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Each sperm has an equal chance of fertilizing an ovum |
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Definition
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Term
| In males, Luteinizing hormone (LH) |
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Definition
| stimulates Leydig cells to make testosterone |
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Term
| In males, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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Definition
| directly promotes spermatogenesis |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Sperm are fully functional and motile before ejaculation |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Oogenesis is the process of producing gemale gametes known as ova or eggs. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Before birth, the oogonium go through several rounds of mitosis before starting meiosis. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: In the oogonium, the chromosomes replicate and halt at prophase I before birth. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the female, follicle stimulating hormone |
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Definition
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Term
| In the female, estradiol (estrogen) |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: In the female, luteinizing hormone causes ovulation |
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Definition
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Term
| In the female, progesterone |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| A and B, not allows blood to be transferred to the fetus |
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Term
| T/F: The embryo undergoes several rapid rounds of mitosis while in the fallopian tube to produce a morula |
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Definition
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Term
| Implantation occurs at the stage |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: At the blastocyst stage cells are either committed to form part of the placenta or contribute to the fetus |
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Definition
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Definition
| initiates the formation of the central nervous system |
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Term
| T/F: Induction occurs when one small group of cells interact with another group of cells and thus changes their developmental fate. |
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Definition
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Term
| The process by which a cell undergoes changes in gene expression to become a specialized and functional cell type is termed |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| divide to produce another stem cell and another cell that becomes determined and then differentiates into a specialized cell type |
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Definition
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Definition
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| T/F: Bone marrow stem cells respond to substrate elasticity and mechanical stretch forces by changing what cell types they will differentiate into. |
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Definition
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| Tissue engineering requires |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| The genetic composition of a zygote |
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Definition
| is unique and consists of one of each chromosomal pair from the father and the other chromosome in a pair from the mother |
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Term
| Digits such as toes and fingers are formed from "paddles" at the ends of developing limbs by |
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Definition
| apoptosis removing tissue in between the digits |
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Term
| Hematopoietic stem cells can produce |
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Definition
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Term
| Some problems that need to be solved when working with stem cells include |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Development is a highly organized process tightly controlled in time and space. |
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Definition
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