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| Bending an object (such as a pipe) downward produces |
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| Calculation of flexural stiffness of a material requires knowledge of _______ and _______. |
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| Young's modulus and second moment area |
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| Plant cells build more rigidity into the cells |
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| Animal cells increase their rigidity by building |
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| Branches and leaves deal with flexural stress |
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| In their trunks to resist buckling of columns. |
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| Plants use noncircular cross sections |
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| to resist torsional loading of leaves and flowers |
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| It is difficult to calculate the flexural stiffness of biological materials. This is due to |
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| Beams in the human skeleton are found |
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| the shoulders, the pelvic girdle, the feet |
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| The more flexible components of the cytoskeleton that are used for cell shape and motility and have a role in muscle contractions are known as |
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| The stiffer components of the cytoskeleton that are used for intracellular transport as well as other functions are known as |
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| The principle component of the extracellular matrix is |
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| The cell needs the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix |
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| because the membrane is so flexible it could build a very large multicellular organism. |
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| are groupings of cells with the same function |
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| Hydrostats with fibers of fixed lengths arranged circumferentially and longitudinally |
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| Hydrostats with fibers of fixed lengths arranged in right or left-hand helices |
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| What are the fundamental units of life? |
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| The cells membrane is composed of |
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| is where proteins are modified |
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| The functions for Membrane proteins include |
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| The rough endoplastic reticulum |
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Definition
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| Which of these molecules can go through a membrane? |
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| Cholesterol has what effect on the membrane? |
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| The smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
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| Which of these atoms/molecules can NOT go through the membrane? |
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| What can go through the membrane? |
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| Which of these structures are unique to plant cells? |
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| Which of these structures do eudaryotic cells have that prokaryotic cells do not have? |
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| Plants obtain their chemical energy by |
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Definition
| converting it from light energy |
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| Animalia obtain their chemical energy by __________ other organisms |
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| All bacteria are pathogenic, that is, they can make you sick |
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| Bacteria are needed for bio-geochemical recycling of elements such as nitrogen |
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| In bioremediation, bacteria can be used to |
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| The phospholipids in a lipid bilayer self-assemble because of the hydrophobic regions in a phospholipid molecule want to be next to water |
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Definition
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| Lysosomes are vacuoles containing digestive enzymes |
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Definition
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| The phospholipids can move around within the leaflet of the lipid bilayer |
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Definition
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| The phospholipids can move from one leaflet to the other the leaflet of the lipid bilayer on their own. |
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Definition
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| The membrane is very stiff |
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| Which protein structure is used to traverse a membrane? |
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| Cellular structure used to set up and separate different compartments |
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| Membrane proteins are involved in |
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| Organism with a nuclear region and no intracellular membrane bound organelles |
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| The membrane bilayer is permeable to |
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| is due to the constant movement of molecules |
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| The diffusion rate is dependent on |
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| The diffusion rate equation |
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Definition
| is the net movement of water |
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| A Hypotonic solution for a particular molecule has |
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| a lower concentration than the concentration of that molecule inside the cells |
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| A symporter transport protein |
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Definition
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| is the principle anion outside of the cell |
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Definition
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| The most important anions in the cell |
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| The resting membrane potential is based on |
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Definition
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Definition
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| For the intestinal epithelium to function normally |
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| Directed transport in the stomach |
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| decreases the pH in the stomach contents by transporting protons into the stomach |
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| The principle anion in the cell is |
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| The principle anion outside the cell is |
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Definition
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| The principle cation outside the cell is |
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Definition
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| The principle cation inside the cell is |
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Definition
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| The resting membrane potential is primarily due to |
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Definition
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| The membrane is an _______ because it does not allow the free movement of charged ions. |
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Definition
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| Neurons (nerve cells) contain |
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Definition
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Term
| The structures that receive information in a neuron are called the |
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Definition
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| The structures that conduct information away from the cell body and are quite variable in lengths are called the |
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Definition
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Term
| The voltage-gated sodium pump is opened when |
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Definition
| the threshold voltage value for the membrane potential is reached |
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Term
| Opening the voltage gated sodium channel |
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Definition
| allows sodium ions to diffuse into the cell |
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Term
| The voltage-gated sodium pump is closed when |
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Definition
| the membrane potential reaches 30 mV |
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| Depolarization of the membrane occurs when |
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Definition
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| Repolarization of the membranes occurs when |
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Definition
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| Hyperpolarization of the membrane occurs when |
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Definition
| K+ ions flow out and membrane undershoots -70 mV |
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Term
| The refractory period occurs when |
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Definition
| voltage gated sodium channels cannot reopen because the membrane potential is less than -70 mV |
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Term
| Action potentials in axons move only in one direction, away from the cell body |
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Definition
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| Schwann cells wrap their membranes around axons and thus act as __________ in the peripheral nervous system. |
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Definition
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Definition
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| Voltage gated Ca channels |
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| In the brain, one neuron may form synapses with up to 10,000 other neurons |
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Definition
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| In the brain a neuron may have up to 10,000 neurons forming synapses on its dendrites and may not be activated until the right number and combination of synapses send a signal with a set period of time. |
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Definition
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| If a single stimulus causes the membrane potential in the axon reach -65 mV, the response will be |
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Definition
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Term
| If a second stimulus arrives while a segment of the axon is in the absolute refractory period |
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Definition
| there will be no response by the channels |
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Term
| The functions of the nervous system include |
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Definition
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Term
| The nervous system consists of |
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Definition
| the central and peripheral nervous systems |
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Term
| The central nervous system consists of |
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Definition
| only the brain and the spinal cord |
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Term
| The peripheral nervous system consists of |
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Definition
| the motor (efferent) and the sensory (afferent) divisions |
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Term
| The efferent division modulates and signals to |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| The cerebellum is involved in |
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Definition
| coordination of movements and balance |
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| The cerebrum is involved in |
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Definition
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| Some emergent properties of the brain include |
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Definition
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| The sensory receptors in the afferent system |
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Definition
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| The visceral afferent system |
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Definition
| monitors internal parameters |
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| While skateboarding down a ramp and around the professors standing at the end of the ramp, one is using |
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Definition
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Definition
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| Some types of receptors include |
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Definition
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| Some limitations of receptors include |
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Definition
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| When the brain receives information from the receptors |
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Definition
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Definition
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| Brain activity can be monitored by |
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| When muscle tension remains constant as the length of the muscles changes, this is _____________. |
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Definition
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| When muscle contraction creates force without shortening, this is ___________. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| Rate limiting factors in muscle power output |
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Definition
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| Muscle contractions are in response to |
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Definition
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| What is the energy stored in ATP used for? |
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Definition
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Term
| Microtubules have ________ _________ that can "walk" down them hauling organelles around the cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| The energy source for muscle contraction is |
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Definition
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Term
| ATP binding to the myosin head |
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Definition
| detaches it from the actin protein |
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Term
| ATP cleavage into ADP and Pi by the myosin head |
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Definition
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Term
| After the myosin head binds to the actin thin filament and ratchets the actin filament forward, |
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Definition
| the myosin head releases ADP and Pi |
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Term
| Nerve signaling at the neuromuscular junction causes |
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Definition
| an action potential to be initiated on the cell membrane of the muscle |
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Term
| The actin potential across the muscle membrane causes a protein to release Ca++ ions from the sacroplasmic reticulum. The Ca++ ions |
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Definition
| bind with a protein known as troponin which then moves another protein (tropomyosin) off the binding sites on actin so myosin can bind |
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Definition
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| The primary neurotransmitter at motor end plates is |
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Definition
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Definition
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