Term
| What are the 4 major families of small molecules? |
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Definition
| Sugars, nucleotides, amino acids, fatty acids |
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Term
| What is the phosphodiester bond? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some of the functions of nucleotides? |
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Definition
| signaling molecules, storage and propagation of biological information, short-term energy storage |
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Term
| What are some components of nucleotides? |
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Definition
| The sugar ribose or deoxyribose, a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group |
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Term
| Guanine forms 3 hydrogen bonds with... |
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Definition
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Term
| The bond that forms in a condensation reaction between two nucleotides is termed a ... |
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Definition
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Term
| Thymidine forms 2 hydrogen bonds with... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Short term storage of energy |
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Term
| True/False: DNA can be "printed" into precise patterns at a micron scale |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Covalent bond that attaches two amino acids together |
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Term
| What are some of the components found in an amino acid? |
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Definition
| an alpha-carbon, an amine group, a carboxyl group |
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Term
| What are some properties that could be found in one of the R groups of amino acids? |
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Definition
| negatively charged side chains, hydrophobic side chains, bulky ring structures |
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Term
| The primary structure of the protein refers to its... |
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Definition
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Term
| The quarternary structure of the protein refers to its... |
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Definition
| association with other proteins in order to be functional |
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Term
| An alpha-helix structure is found in proteins at what level of structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some of the functions of proteins? |
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Definition
| Signaling, mechanical work including motors, and working as enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| contain a carboxylic head group that is hydrophilic, contain a long carbon tail that is hydrophobic, can be bonded to glycerol to form a mono-, di-, or tri-glyceride |
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Term
| What is an unsaturated fatty acid? |
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Definition
| Fatty acids with a double bond |
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Term
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Definition
| A molecule in which three fatty acids are attached to glycerol |
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Term
| The functions of lipids includ |
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Definition
| building membrane bilayers, precursors for steroid hormones, long term energy storage in adipose tissue |
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Term
| Plants that produce large amounts of fatty acids or triglyderides could be used to power biodiesel engines because |
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Definition
| there is a great deal of energy stored in the carbon chains of fatty acids and triglycerides |
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Term
| Jojoba plants may be a good source of fuel oil for use in Arizona... |
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Definition
| because they grow better here than corn or soybeans, they produce more liters of oil for acre of land than cotton, corn, or soybeans, and because neither coconuts nor brazil nuts grow here |
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Term
| Which of these biofuels has the highest volumetric energy density? (wood fuel, sunflower oil, methane, ethanol) |
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Definition
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Term
| Crop with the highest yield of oil? |
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Definition
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Term
| If one is designing a biodiesel production plant, one would want easy access to.. |
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Definition
| farmers growing crops with a high fat or oil content |
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Term
| What is BioDiesel composed of? |
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Definition
| Mono-alkyl esters of long chian fatty acids |
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Term
| Biological building blocks include |
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Definition
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Term
| Hydrogen bonds occur between |
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Definition
| the negative region of a molecule and the slightly positive H attached to an oxygen or a nitrogen |
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Term
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Definition
| are interactions between electropositively and elctronegatively charged regions of molecules, and individually quite weak, require large numbers of such interactions to be useful |
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Term
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Definition
| carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen |
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Term
| Disaccharides form between 2 monosaccharides |
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Definition
| by a condensation reaction with water also a product |
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Term
| Long chains of sugar molecules are known as |
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Definition
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Term
| Functions of sugars include |
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Definition
| mechanical structures in plants and insects |
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Term
| Examples of polysaccharides include |
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Definition
| cellulose, glycogen, and starch |
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Term
| Ethanol production as an alternative fuel |
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Definition
| requires plants with a high mass percentage of mono- and polysaccharrides such as starch or cellulose, requires yeast, and also produces carbon dioxide and livestock feed from the yeast solids |
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Term
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Definition
| include forestry wastes and agricultural leftovers such as stover, include methane, include recently grown crops |
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Term
| Starting materials for the production of cellulosic bioethanol could include |
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Definition
| municipal solid wastes, forestry wastes such as sawdust, small branches and dead trees, and energy crops such as fast-growing trees and grasses |
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Term
| What is the role of NADH and FADH2? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are the proteins involved in electron transport (oxidative phosphorylation) found in a cell? |
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Definition
| in the Inner Membranes of the mitochondria |
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Term
| The proteins in the electron transport chain pump _________ across the inner membrane to form a concentration gradient between the matrix and the inner mitochondrial space |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the functions of ATP synthase in the mitochondria? |
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Definition
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Term
| Approximate number of ATP molecules in a cell at any one time? |
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Definition
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Term
| Complete oxidation of 1 glucose molecule produces approximately how many ATP molecules? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are sugars stored for future use in the muscles and liver? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are fatty acids stored? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does photosynthesis occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the net result of photosynthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does photosynthesis use light? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Lower the activation energy of the reaction |
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Term
| What is the active site of an enzyme? |
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Definition
| The site where the substrate binds on an enzyme |
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Term
| How can you inhibit an enzyme? |
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Definition
| Denature the protein, add a competitive inhibitor, add a negative modulator molecule |
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Term
| What are catabolic pathways? |
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Definition
| Pathways of enzymes that breakdown food molecules |
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Term
| Why do cells often couple reactions? |
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Definition
| To use the energy released by one reaction in another reactions, to decrease entropy in the cell, to minimize the amount of energy lost as heat |
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Term
| Glycolysis is the breakdown of what molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the fate of the pyruvate molecules made during glycolysis? |
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Definition
| Transported into mitochondria, react with coenzyme A (Hs-CoA) to form acetyl coenzyme A, contribute substrates to the Kreb's cycle |
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Term
| What molecule does glycolysis start with? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Breakdown of macromolecules into monomers by enzymes |
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Term
| Cells use energy to create... |
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Definition
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Term
| An endothermic reaction requires... |
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Definition
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Term
| Proteins can be better catalysts than inorganic catalysis because |
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Definition
| they have greater specificity |
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Term
| Enzymes, because they are proteins, require specific conditions of _______ and ________ in order to optimize their rate of reaction. |
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Definition
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Term
| The mitochondria are cellular organelles with what structural features? |
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Definition
| matrix, inner and other membranes, inner membranous space |
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Term
| Which of these molecules is NOT a direct product of Kreb's cycle |
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Definition
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Term
| Pyruvate and NADH from glycolysis are transported into which region of the mitochondria? |
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Definition
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Term
| The reason for breathing in oxygen is to... |
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Definition
| accept electrons from the electron transport chain |
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Term
| The electron transport chain uses the energy from the electrons to... |
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Definition
| transport protons across the inner membrane into the intermembranous space |
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Term
| The increased concentration of H+ in the intermembranous space of the mitochondria as compared to the matrix creates __________ across the inner mitochondrial membrane. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is a 10nm rotary motor, has binding sites for ADP and Pi, converts the potential energy stored in the proton gradient into chemical bond energy |
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Term
| The process of energy production in yeast under anaerobic conditions is known as... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a product of anaerobic metabolism in muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| materials created by living organisms |
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Term
| A defining feature of a biological material... |
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Definition
| self-assembly, hierarchical structure, multifunctionality, self healing |
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Term
| Classification terms for biological materials are... |
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Definition
| ceramics and ceramic composites, polymers and polymer composites, elastomers, and cellular (porous) materials |
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Term
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Definition
| force divided by cross-sectional area |
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Term
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Definition
| the change in length after testing divided by the original length |
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Term
| One measures stiffness (elasticity)... |
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Definition
| stress/strain (initial segment of graph) |
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Term
| The maximum amount of stress a material can handle is its |
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Definition
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Term
| When stretching a material one does work on the material. As the material is released, energy is released. The difference between the work that comes out relative to that which goes in is termed a material's... |
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Definition
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Term
| In order to break a material, a certain amount of work per unit cross-sectional area (J/m^2) is applied. This is called the... |
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Definition
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Term
| After compression is applied, the decrease in length in the Y axis over the increase in width (in the X axis) determines a material's... |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some of the advantages of materials with J-shaped stress strain curves? |
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Definition
| Getting stiffer as the failure point approaches, increased safety factor, reduced area under the curve meaning less work need be done to stretch the material |
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Term
| Organic matrices impact biomineralization through... |
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Definition
| Stabilization of intermediate semicrystaline structures, and influencing the shape of mineral crystal formation |
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Term
| In order to inhibit cracking in the devise you are designing, you might consider choosing a material that... |
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Definition
| doesn't develop sharp tips on any cracks that they do suffer, using foamy materials whose "holes" will inhibit crack propagation, and using materials that have layered sheets oriented in different directions |
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Term
| Toughness is bone _______ with increasing mineral volume fracture. |
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Definition
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Term
| A mechanism that contributes to the fracture toughness of bone... |
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Definition
| uncracked ligament bridging, crack deflection, collagen fibril bridging, and constrained microcracking |
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Term
| Tuning in biomaterials refers to |
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Definition
| the alignment by natural selection of the properties of materials with their applications in an organism |
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Term
| Markings on insects and spiders could be useful in low light situations and thus could be constructed of _______ materials |
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Definition
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Term
| The fundamental adhesive force in gecko feet |
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Definition
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