Term
| What stage of meiosis are the telomeres bound to the inner surface of the nuclear envelope? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does Drosophilia mainly take maternal or paternal genes into account for develop? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| does C. elegans mainly take maternal or paternal genes into account for develop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does Xenopus or Vertebrates take maternal or paternal genes in account for development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is RNA interference? |
|
Definition
| dicer is protein complex that cuts the DNA... |
|
|
Term
| how do oogonia and spermagonium proliferate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of oocytes accumulate glycogen? |
|
Definition
| Large nonmammalian oocytes also accumulate yolk, lipids, glycogen |
|
|
Term
| what is the main difference between meiosis I and meiosis II? |
|
Definition
| in meiosis II, there is no duplication of chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| how are sister chromatids attached along their entire length? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what's the difference between meiosis II and mitosis? |
|
Definition
| There's no duplication of chromosomes, just separation |
|
|
Term
| is the synaptomenal complex between two sister chromatids or between a mother and father chromosome? |
|
Definition
| between mother and father duplicated chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| in what phase do the chromosomes start to associate along their length? What is that called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| is recombination single or double stranded? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the chromosomes are bound tightly to the nuclear envelope during prophase I? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the egg precursor cells in females? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the sperm precursor cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when does spermatogenesis begin? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how long does it take for spermatocyte to go through meiosis? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| are primordial germ cells diploid or haploid? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Vasa family proteins are structurally similar to what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of receptors and signals tell the primordial germ cells to proliferate and divide? |
|
Definition
| cheekiness that bind to GPCR |
|
|
Term
| What does the Sry region induce? |
|
Definition
| Sox9--> induces formation of Sertoli cells |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of cell secretes estrogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do Sertoli cells induce the PGCs that migrate into the developing gonad in males to follow the pathway leading to sperm production rather than to egg production? |
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Definition
| they degrade retonoic acid, whereas follice cells are induced by retinoic acid to form |
|
|
Term
| What is the Mullerian-duct? What do Sertoli cells do to counteract the formation of it? |
|
Definition
| ---beginning of the formation of the vagina//they secrete an anti-Müllerian hormone, which causes the Müllerian duct to regress |
|
|
Term
| how is sex determined in C. elegans and drosophila? |
|
Definition
| sex is determined by the ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes, rather than by the presence or absence of a Y chromosome, as in mammals. |
|
|
Term
| What is the detailed way of sex determination in C. elegans? |
|
Definition
| In C. elegans, sex determination depends mainly on transcriptional and translational controls on gene expression, whereas in Drosophila it depends on a cascade of regulated RNA splicing events, as dis- cussed in Chapter 7. |
|
|
Term
| What is the detailed way of sex determination in Drosophila? |
|
Definition
| the sex-specific character of each cell in the body is programmed individually by its own chromosomes, instead of being controlled mainly by hormones. |
|
|
Term
| what type of macromolecule makes up the egg coat? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure of the egg doesn't allow certain types of sperm to enter the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are primary oocytes developed before or after birth? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how are the follicle cells attached to the oocyte? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are gap junction proteins called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the acromosomal vesicle contain that would help the sperm enter the egg? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what phase does the egg wait in until fertilization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does fertilization occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is polyspermy? how is it prevented? |
|
Definition
| 1) more than one sperm bringing more than one centrosome to egg. 2) when the sperm is fused with the membrane, causes depolarization, Ca2+ is released, cortical reaction is induced. |
|
|
Term
| what does ectoderm develop? |
|
Definition
| epidermis and nervous system |
|
|
Term
| what does endoderm develop? |
|
Definition
| respiratory system and digestive system |
|
|
Term
| mesoderm is precursor to...? |
|
Definition
| bones, muscles, connective tissue, reproductive system, urinary tract. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Describes the changes during development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can manipulate cell tissue from embryo (transplant) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do developing oocytes take up nutrients from nurse cells? |
|
Definition
| receptor-mediated endocytosis to take up the yolk proteins from the extracellular fluid |
|
|
Term
| What's the difference in the way that oocytes of insects and vertebrates get their nutrients? |
|
Definition
| For the insect oocyte, the nurse cells man- ufacture many of the products—ribosomes, mRNA, protein, and so on—that vertebrate oocytes have to make for themselves. |
|
|
Term
| connexins are the same as ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the flagellum of mammalian sperm different from other species? |
|
Definition
| The flagellum of some sperm (including those of mammals) differs from other flagella in that the 9 + 2 pattern of microtubules is surrounded by nine outer dense fibers. The dense fibers are stiff and noncontractile, and they are thought to restrict the flexibility of the flagellum and protect it from shear forces; defects in these fibers lead to abnormal sperm morphology and to infertility. |
|
|
Term
| the wave of Ca+2 when sperm penetrates the egg membrane is what type of feedback? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lateral inhibition is a type of which kind of feedback? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cell lineage tracing is what kind of developmental biology? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two ways to establish a morphogen gradient? |
|
Definition
| releasing an inducer or releasing an inhibitor |
|
|
Term
| The Notch/Delta family is an example of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in C. elegans, when does cell differentiation begin? |
|
Definition
| right after the first cell divisions |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference bweteen XX and X in C. elegans? |
|
Definition
| XX is hermaphrotie, and X is male |
|
|
Term
| If a male (with chromosome) and a hermaphrodite worm had a baby, what would it be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a male (without chromosome) and a hermaphrodite worm had a baby, what would it be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A subset of maternal-effect genes are specifically required to organize the asymmetric pattern of the nematode egg. |
|
|
Term
| What is the specific function of Par proteins? |
|
Definition
| they guide the p-granules to the one cell that will become the germ line. They serve in the egg to bring a set of ribonucleoprotein particles called P granules to the posterior pole, so that the posterior daughter cell inherits P granules and the anterior daughter cell does not. |
|
|
Term
| what type of nucleic acid are p-granules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are the first few divisions in worms asymmetric or symmetric? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many par genes are there in C. elegans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which 1/16 cell in worms forms the germ line? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which 1/16 cell in worms forms the muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the AB 1/16 cell in worms form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which C. elegans primordial cells express the homolog receptor genes of Notch and Delta? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does P2 express in worms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In c. elegans: P1 divides to make which two cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in c. elegans, EMS divides to form..? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do we know about the relationship between C. elegans primordial cells and their resulting organs? |
|
Definition
| This tells us that all germ line cells develop from single precursor cell P4, all gut and associated organs also develop from single cell E, but muscles develop from different cells. |
|
|
Term
| At the four cell stage in C. elegans, which cells are present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why can't P2 signal Aba in worms? |
|
Definition
| it is out of contact with it. |
|
|
Term
| What type of nucleic acid do Lin4 and Let7 code for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which organism has more genes? C. elegans or flies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nuclear divisions without cell division creates a syncytium |
|
|
Term
| What are egg polarity genes in drosophila? |
|
Definition
| define the anteroposterior and dorsoventral axes of the embryo and mark out its two ends for special fates, by mechanisms involving interactions between the oocyte and surrounding cells in the ovary |
|
|
Term
| what are gap genes in drosophila? |
|
Definition
| the gap genes, are required in specific broad regions along the anteroposterior axis of the early embryo to allow their proper development |
|
|
Term
| what is special about mitosis in early drosophila embryo? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are pair rule genes? |
|
Definition
| pair-rule genes, are required, more surprisingly, for development of alternate body segments |
|
|
Term
| what are segment polarity genes? |
|
Definition
| responsible for organizing the anteroposterior pattern of each individual segment |
|
|
Term
| what is the early determination role of follice cells in drosophila? |
|
Definition
| The main axes of the future insect body are defined before fertilization by a complex exchange of signals between the unfer- tilized egg, or oocyte, and the follicle cells that surround it in the ovary |
|
|
Term
| what does the posterior end of the drosophila embryo feature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the anterior end of the drosophila embryo feature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the terminal system of the drosophila embryo feature? |
|
Definition
| transmembrane receptor's torso |
|
|
Term
| what does the dorsoventral system of the drosophila embryo feature? |
|
Definition
| transmembrane receptor's toll |
|
|
Term
Which system of the early drosophila embryo determines • germ cells vs. somatic cells • head vs. rear
• body segments |
|
Definition
| anterior and posterior systems |
|
|
Term
| Which system of the early drosophila embryo determine ectoderm vs. mesoderm vs. endoderm • terminal structures |
|
Definition
| dorsoventral and terminal |
|
|
Term
| what kind of receptor is Torso? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are Torso and Toll located? |
|
Definition
| everywhere on the membrane, but they are activated by extracellular ligands on the bottom and sides |
|
|
Term
| does sperm entry affect the polarity of drosophila embryos? |
|
Definition
| not at all...all predetermined by maternal genes |
|
|
Term
| which parts of the early drosophila is diploid? |
|
Definition
| all nurse cells and follice cells are...the only part that is haploid is the oocyte |
|
|
Term
| what happens when gap genes in drosophila are mutated? |
|
Definition
| no segments develop at all |
|
|
Term
| homeotic genes make ___________ proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which are more conserved? homeodomains or interaction domains? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| groups of undifferentiated cells that are developed by homeogenes |
|
|
Term
| what is intercalary regeneration? |
|
Definition
| when you join two short segments of an appendage together and it still grows normally |
|
|
Term
| what is differences between determination of fly and frog polarity? |
|
Definition
| everything is predetermined in fly, in frog, sperm entry determines ventral/dorsal development and RNA determines anterior/posterior development |
|
|
Term
| how often does cleavage occur in frog? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are segmentation genes? |
|
Definition
| define the antero- posterior axis |
|
|
Term
| what type of junctions begins to form epithelial sheet in xenopus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the endoderm give rise to in frog? |
|
Definition
| The endoderm will form the epithelial lining of the gut, from the mouth to the anus. It gives rise not only to the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and intestines, but also to many associated glands. |
|
|
Term
| what is convergent extension? |
|
Definition
| Small square fragments of tissue from these regions, isolated in culture, will sponta- neously narrow and elongate through a rearrangement of the cells, just as they would in the embryo in the process of converging toward the dorsal midline, turning inward around the blastopore lip, and then elongating to form the main axis of the body. |
|
|
Term
| can unicellular organisms divide by meiosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is an original germ cell diploid haploid, or 4N |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the nodules that hold together sites of recombination |
|
|
Term
| does an oocyte get a coat and cortical granules in meiosis I or II? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do mammals have nurse cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| exactly how many cells die by apoptosis in c. elegans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when do cellular membranes form in larva? |
|
Definition
| cellular blastoderm stage |
|
|
Term
| what receptors do terminal systems have and what do they determine? |
|
Definition
| torso receptors--> head and tail |
|
|
Term
| what receptors do dorsoventral systems have and what do they determine? |
|
Definition
| toll --> ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm |
|
|
Term
| high concentrations of dorsal leads to --- |
|
Definition
| invagination during gastrulation |
|
|
Term
| what's special about engrailed? |
|
Definition
| its not transient...regulates own transcription |
|
|
Term
| how is flip recombinase transcription activated? |
|
Definition
|
|
