Term
| Infections can spread through the potential space between the external oblique fascia and the scarpa membrane. Why doesn't it spread past the thigh? |
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Definition
| The scarpa membrane fuses with the deep fascia of the thigh, forming a V of membrane. |
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Term
| What are the 6 common causes for abdominal protrusion? |
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Definition
| The 6 F's: Food, fluid, fat, feces, flatus, fetus. |
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Term
| What is a sign of increased abdominal pressure? |
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Definition
| Inversion of the umbilicus |
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Term
| During aging the _______ muscles may not be strong enough to resist a protuberant abdomen. The pelvis tilts ________, causing ________ in the lumbar region. |
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Definition
Abdominal muscles
Anteriorly
Lordosis |
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Term
| Most of the hernia comes from the ______ , ________ and _________ regions. |
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Definition
| Inguinal, epigastric, umbilical |
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Term
| Who are umbilical hernias most common in? Why? |
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Definition
| Umbilical hernias are most common in newborn females because the abdominal wall is particularly week at the umbilicus. |
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Term
| What are acquired umbilical hernias? Who has these most commonly? |
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Definition
Extraperitoneal fat and/or peritoneum through the umbilical ring.
Obese and women. |
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Term
| Where does an epigastric hernia occur? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where does a spigelian hernia occur? |
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Definition
| Along the semilunar lines of the abdomen. |
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Term
Define "guarding".
What is it a significant sign of? |
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Definition
Guarding is an involuntary tensing of the abdomen
Acute abdominal pain. |
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Term
| What is the superficial abdominal reflex? |
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Definition
| A tensing of the abdominal muscles when the abdomen is pressed laterally to medially. |
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Term
| Where is McBurney's point? |
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Definition
| The spinoumbilical line, superiomedial to the ASIS |
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Term
| What type of incision causes the least damage to the nerve supply of the rectus abdominis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name two "high-risk" incisions |
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Definition
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Term
| Define an incisional hernia |
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Definition
| Protrusion of the omentum or organs through a surgical incision. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unilateral undescended or unretractable testis. |
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Term
| Where does an undescended testis normally lie? |
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Definition
| Somewhere on the line of prenatal descent |
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Term
Where is an external supravesical hernia.
What nerve is in danger during the repair of this hernia? |
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Definition
Leaves the peritoneal cavity through the supravesicular fossa.
Iliohypogastric |
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Term
| What is the embryological origin of the round ligament? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where can metastatic uterine cancer cells spread and why? |
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Definition
| They can spread to the labium majus (homolog of the scrotum and the distal attachment of the round ligament) because the lympathic drainage can pass through the inguinal canal |
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Term
| The majority of abdominal hernias occur where? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe an inguinal hernia |
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Definition
| A protrusion of peritoneum and viscera through a normal or abnormal opening in the cavity |
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Term
| What are the two types of inguinal hernias? |
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Definition
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Term
| A detection of an impulse at the superficial ring and a mass at the deep ring would indicate what type of hernia? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is the cremasteric reflex initiated? What nerve innervates this response? |
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Definition
Light stroking on the medial aspect of the superior thigh.
Afferent - Ilioinguinal nerve supplies this skin. --> Femoral branch
Efferent - Genital branch of the genitofermoral |
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Term
| What is the canal of Nuck |
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Definition
| A persistent processus vaginalis in females |
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Term
| Define hydrocele of the testes |
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Definition
| Excess fluid present in a persistent processus vaginalis due to secretion of an abnormal amount of serous fluid from the visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis. |
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Term
| Hydrocele of the testes is confined to where? It distends what? |
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Definition
Scrotum.
Distends the tunica vaginalis |
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Term
| Hydrocele of the spermatic cord is confined to where? and distends what? |
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Definition
spermatic chord.
Persistant part of the processus vaginalis. |
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Term
| Define hematocele of the testis |
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Definition
| A collection of blood in tunica vaginalis |
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Term
| Transillumination can differentiate what from what? |
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Definition
Hydrocele from hematocele.
A hematocele won't transilluminate. |
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Term
| What can occur with torsion of the spermatic chord? |
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Definition
| Obstruction of the venous drainage resulting in edema and hemorrhage followed by arterial obstruction. |
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Term
| The Anterolateral surface of the scrotum is supplied by the _______ __________ |
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Definition
| Lumbar plexus (primarily L1 from ilioinguinal) |
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Term
| The posteroinferior aspect of the scrotum is supplied by the ______ ______ |
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Definition
| Sacral plexus (primarily S3 fibers via pudendal nerve) |
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Term
What is a spermatocele?
What is a epididymal cyst? |
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Definition
Collection of fluid in the epididymis, near the head.
A collection of fluid in the epididymis. |
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Term
| What is the appendix of the testis an embryological remnant of? Where is it seen? |
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Definition
Remnant of the paramesonephric (mullerian) duct
It is seen inside the tunica vaginalis |
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Term
| What does the mullerian duct form in females? |
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Definition
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Term
The appendices of the testes are a remnant of what embryological structure?
What does it form in males? |
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Definition
Wolffian duct
Vans deferens |
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Term
Cancer of the scrotum metastasizes where first?
Cancer of the testes metastasizes where first? |
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Definition
Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
lumbar lymph nodes |
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Term
| What is the primary mechanism of defense in the female reproductive tract against infection? |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes the watertight end-to-end anastomoses of the intraperitoneal organs? |
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Definition
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Term
Define peritonitis
What occurs with peritonitis? |
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Definition
Infection and inflammation of the peritoneum
Pus, serum, fibrin, and cells exude into the peritoneal cavity. Pain in the overlying skin and increase in abd muscle tone. |
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Term
Excess fluid in the peritoneal cavity is called what?
What is the condition of having this fluid called? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Caused by mechanical injury, portal hypertension, cancer, starvation |
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Term
| What is paradoxical abdominothoracic rhythm? What does it indicate? |
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Definition
When the abdomen draws in as the chest expands (they normally move together).
Peritonitis or pneumonitis |
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Term
| If the peritoneum surface is inflamed, it becomes sticky with what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe adhesions and why they may be painful or dangerous? |
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Definition
| Scar tissue may form after an abd injury and limit movement of the viscera by forming abnormal attachments. The intestines can twist around the adhesion and produce pain or necrosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Surgical separation of adhesions. |
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Term
| In renal failure, ______ ________ accumulate in the blood and tissues and may reach fatal levels. |
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Definition
| Waste products (eg. urea) |
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Term
| The greater omentum can often do what with an inflamed organ that will protect the surrounding viscera? |
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Definition
| Forms adhesions with the inflamed organ |
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Term
| Perforation of a duodenal ulcer, rupture of the gallbladder, or perforation of appendix may lead to the formation of a _____________. |
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Definition
| Abscess in subphrenic space. |
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Term
Describe the typical flow of purulent material (eg. pus) from the abd
How can this be increased? Why would you do this? |
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Definition
Paracolic gutters --> pelvis
Place patient sitting (45 degrees) position. Toxins are slower to absorb in the pelvis than the abd. |
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Term
| An intestine can pass through the ____ ______ and become strangled --> necrotic |
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Definition
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Term
| What artery is a concern during a cholecystectomy? |
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Definition
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