Term
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Definition
transports gases, nutrients, waste, and hormones.
regulation of body temp and pH
protection against blood loss and infection |
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Term
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Definition
| connective tissue made up of plasma and formed elements |
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Term
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Definition
| erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets |
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Term
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Definition
| 90% water. Proteins in plasma are mostly produced by the liver. Contains respiratory gases, hormones, nutrients, and electrolytes |
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Term
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Definition
| albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen |
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Term
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Definition
| main factor contributing to blood viscosity. has biconcave discs for increased surface area for infusion of gases. contains hemoglobin, atp, lipis, and carbonic anhydrase. no nucleus or mitochondria. ATP is used for when RBCs bend and twist to go through capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
| tetromeres. 2 alpha and 2 beta protein chains. heme. iron atom in each heme is required to transport O2. each hemoglobin can transport 4 oxygen. |
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Term
| Hemoglobin loading oxygen in the lungs |
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Definition
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Term
| Hemoglobin unloading oxygen in the tissues |
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Definition
| deoxyhemoglobin (dark red) |
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Term
| Hemoglobin loading carbondioxide in the tissues |
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Definition
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Term
| Hemoglobin loading carbonmonoxide from combustion fumes or cigarette smoke |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| blood cell formation. hemocytoblast- stem cells in red bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| happens in liver, yolk sac, thymus, lymph nodes, red bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| happens in red bone marrow (skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis, femur/humerous) |
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Term
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Definition
-about 1% of RBCs are replaced everyday (2.5 million)
-about 4 days to make a mature RBC
-accumulation of hemoglobin turns cells from white to red
-extrusion of nucleus makes the cell a reticulocyte, which is released into circulation.
-reticulocytes take 2 days to be a mature RBC (when ribosomes are lost) |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease in RBCs leads to decrease in oxygen transport, leads to hypoxia, decreased oxygen levels |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in RBCs leads to increase blood viscosity leading to the heart having to work harder and increasing BP |
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Term
| Regulation of Erythropoiesis |
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Definition
adequate supplies of starting materials (iron, amino acids, B vitamins- B12 and folate)
hormone control
-estrogen- limits increases in erythropoiesis
-testosterone- enhances erythropoiesis, which is why males hematocrit levels are higher
-erythropoietin EPO |
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Term
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Definition
release by the kidneys in response to hypoxia (increased exercise, decreased cardiovascular/lung function, increased altitude, loss of RBC or iron deficiency)
speeds up erythropoiesis in red bone marrow |
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Term
| fate and destruction of RBCs |
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Definition
life span- 100-120 days
old RBCs become fragile and hemoglobin starts to degenerate, since there are no organelles to replace or repair damage
RBCs rupture and release hemoglobin
macrophages pick through blood and breakdown the damaged or old RBCs |
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Term
| fate and breakdown of hemoglobin |
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Definition
amino acids- recycled for protein synthesis
iron- fe- taken up by bone marrow to be reused to make new hemoglobin
non-fe-heme- transported to the liver and converted to bilirubin, released as bile, broken down in intestine and elminated in feces and urine |
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Term
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Definition
if there is too much bilirubin being released, its stored elsewhere, like the skin, causing yellow pigment.
in liver disease, bilirubin seeps into the bloodstream because the liver is unable to metabolize and excrete it properly |
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Term
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Definition
blood has abnormally low oxygen carrying capasity and cannot support normal metabolism
accompanied by fatigue, paleness, chills, and shortness of breath
symptom not a disease |
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Term
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Definition
| acute or chronic blood loss |
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Term
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Definition
| RBCs rupture prematurely due to drugs, HIV, malaria |
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Term
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Definition
| B12 deficiency or lack of ability to absorb B12. without B12 you cannot synthesize RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic mutation causes absent or faulty globin chains |
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Term
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Definition
| mutation in hemoglobin gene in beta chain of hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
| excess of RBCs that increase blood viscosity resulting from polycythemic vera, secondary polycythemia, or blood doping |
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Term
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Definition
| overproduction of RBCs by red bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| high altitudes, or when EPO production increases. problem is some where other than red bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
can leave capillaries via diapedesis (ooze through to tissues in between endothelial cells)
move through tissues by ameboid motion toward larger concentrations of chemokine (positive chemotaxis) |
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Term
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Definition
| WBC granules release chemicals at the site of damage or infection |
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Term
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Definition
granulocyte
most numerous WBCs, usually first on site, polymorphonuclear
very phagcytic- eating up cells or debris
produce lysozymes and defensins |
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes that break down gram positive cell walls |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins that bind to bacteria cell walls, they squeeze in and put holes in the cell walls. water then floods in and bacteria cell bursts |
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Term
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Definition
granulocyte
bilobed nucleus
rnases- protect against viruses
codenases- toxins to kill parasites that are too big to be phagocytosed
histimases- break down histimine so immune cells stay in control of histimine during inflammation of allergic reactions |
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Term
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Definition
granulocyte
rarest WBCs
histimine- inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts other WBCs to inflamed sites
heparin- anticoagulant, prevents blood from clotting too quickly |
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Term
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Definition
agranulocyte
originates in red bone marrow, proliferates within lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and thymus
few circulate in blood
B cells- humoral immunity
T cells- fight tumors, destructs infected host cells- cell mediated immunity |
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Term
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Definition
agranulocytes
largest leukocyte
leaves circulation, enters tissues, and differentiates into macrophages
macrophages phagocytize viruses, bacteria, and cell debris, then present it to lymphocytes which activate and destruct.
they increase in number with chronic infections like flu and colds |
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Term
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Definition
production of WBCs
all leukocytes originate from hemocytoblasts
stimulated by chemical messangers: interleukins (released by mature WBCs) and colony-stimulating factors (released by bone marrow and blood vessels) |
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Term
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Definition
abnormally low WBC count
drug induced (chemo or HIV) |
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Term
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Definition
increased WBC count
normal response to bacterial or viral infections |
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Term
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Definition
bone marrow is totally occupied with cancerous leukocytes, fails to make RBCs and platelets.
immature, nonfunctional WBCs in the bloodstream
death is usually caused by internal hemorrhage and overwhelming infections due to not enough platelets and not enough clotting factors
treatments- irradiation, antileukemic drugs, and stem cell transplants |
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Term
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Definition
thrombocytes
cytoplasm contains myosin and actin to minimize wound site
plasma membrane contains glycoproteins that attach to connective tissue and activates platelets
small fragments of megakaryocytes |
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Term
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Definition
platelets bind to collagen in connective tissue at the wound site
platelets become activated and release coagulation factors (thromboxanes)
platelets change shape, fibrinogen (from plasma) crosslinks platelets, stabilizing the wound
ADP and thromboxanes also activate other platelets (positive feedback mechanism |
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Term
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Definition
endothelial cells release endothelin-paracrine
cut nerve endings release factors as well
smooth muscles around damaged vessels contract to close |
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Term
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Definition
1. prothrombin activator is formed
-intrinsic- inside vessels (unsmooth, fat accumulation)
extrinsic- external trauma
2. prothrombin is converted to thrombin
3. thrombin converts fibrinogen (soluble plasma hormone) to fibrin (insoluble) forming a mesh |
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Term
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Definition
| blood cells and platelets trapped in fibrin network |
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Term
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Definition
inactivates clotting factors
clotting factors and anticoagulants are always available
stimulated by eliminating vitamins K or calcium |
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Term
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Definition
anticoagulant
plasma protein made in the liver
circulates at all times
helps prevent thrombin activation |
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Term
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Definition
anticoagulant
from basophils
stimulates antithrombin |
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Term
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Definition
anticoagulant
from endothelial cells
converted from prostaglandin (derivative or lipid in the plasma membrane of endothelial cells)
antagonizes the activation of platelets by inhibiting the release of clotting factors |
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Term
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Definition
myosin/actin contract, pulling fibrin network together, shrinking damaged vessel
platelet-derived growth factor stimulates smooth muscle cells to divide and fibroblasts to rebuild vessel walls
vascular endothelial growth factor stimulates replacement of endothelial lining |
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Term
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Definition
fibrinolysis- digest away clot
begins within 2 days of clot formation
plasminogen- plasma protein is converted to plasmin by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) from endothelial cell
plasmin digest fibrin |
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Term
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Definition
clot that develops in an unbroken blood vessel
may block circulation, leading to tissue death |
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Term
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Definition
thrombus that breaks off and floats freely in the blood stream
pulmonary embolus- blocks arteries of lung and impairs gas exchange
cerebral embolus- block of blood supply to brain-> stroke |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
recessive genetic disorder linked to X (more common in men), can also spontaneously occur
lack or clotting factors leads to internal bleeding
internal bleeding in joints, can cause disfiguration in joints |
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Term
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Definition
glycoproteins- classify blood types
sugars and proteins tell body that this cell belongs |
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Term
| Hemolytic Disease of Newborn |
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Definition
also called erythroblastosis fetalis
Rh- mother becomes sensitized with exposure to Rh+ blood from fetus and causes her body to synthesize antibodies against Rh+
antibodies cross placenta and destroy RBCs of fetus
problem during 2nd pregnancy because mom has full immunity |
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Term
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Definition
mom receives RhoGam, which binds to Rh on fetus RBCs, but does not destroy them
mothers immune system does not see the fetus Rh+ antigens |
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Term
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Definition
diagnostic blood test
erythrocytosis vs anemia |
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Term
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Definition
| diagnostic blood test for anemia |
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Term
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Definition
diagnostic blood test for proportion of RBC to total sample
low iron leads to low hemoglobin leads to microcyte (small) RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
diagnostic blood test
leukopenia- low WBC, indicates damaged red marrow, viral infection, radiation, drugs, tumors, vitamin B12 or folate deficiency
leukocytosis- high WBC, indicated bacterial infection or allergic reaction |
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Term
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Definition
diagnostic blood test
high neutrophils indicates bacterial infection
high basophils or eosinophils indicates allergic reaction |
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Term
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Definition
diagnostic blood test
low platelet count- thrombocytopenia, chronic bleeding
heredity, vitamin B12 deficiency, drugs, radiation |
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Term
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Definition
diagnostic blood test
time of thromboplastin added to plasma to cause clot |
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Term
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Definition
diagnostic blood test
pancreas- glucose concentration
kidney- urea concentration
cardiovascular disease- cholesterol concentration
liver function- bilirubin concentration |
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