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Blood
Chapter 17
69
Physiology
Undergraduate 3
02/05/2012

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Term
Viscosity of Blood
Definition
4.5-5.5 compared to H20=1
Term
Temperature of Blood
Definition
38 degrees C or 100.4 degrees F
Term
pH of Blood
Definition
7.35-7.45
Term
NaCL% Concentration of Blood
Definition
0.80%= physiological saline
Term
Blood's % compared to body weight
Definition
Approximately 8%, 5-6 Lier or 1.5 gallons
Term
Function of Blood Transport
Definition
O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones, heat
Term
Function of Blood Regulation
Definition
regulates pH, body temperature, H2O contents of cells (all bodily fluids are derived from the blood)
Term
Preventative Function of Blood
Definition
Blood Loss via clotting
Term
Combat function of blood
Definition
Combat toxins and microbes (foreign invaders) via WBC's and their chemical interactions
Term
Defensive proteins produced by B-Lymphocytes
Definition
Antibodies
Term
Series of defensive plasma proteins produced by the liver
Definition
Complement
Term
A liquid connective tissue
Definition
Blood
Term
Defensive proteins produced by T-Lymphocytes
Definition
Interferon
Interleukin I and II
Term
45% of blood volume
Definition
Formed Elements:

RBC's WBC's Platelets
Term
55% of Blood Volume
Definition
Plasma--> 91.5% is H2) and 8.5% is Solutes--> 7% of Solutes is Proteins and 1.5% is Other Solutes.
Term
7% of Proteins in the Solutes of Plasma is made up of what 3 proteins?
Definition
Albumin (Osmolarity- controls what comes in and out of the blood)

Globulins (antibodies)

Clotting Proteins
Term
Erythrocytes (RBC) physical traits
Definition
Biconcave Discs
No Nuclei
Contain Hemoglobin
Red Pigmented b/c of hemoglobin
4 Strands of globin protein (alpha1, alpha2, beta1, beta2)
Heme=Fe++ and pigment proteins:
in arteries:oxyhemoglobin(binds O2 molecules
in veins: carbaminohemoglobin (binds CO2)
Term
Why are arteries more red?
Definition
Because oxyhemoglobin binds O2 molecules
Term
Why are veins more blue?
Definition
Carbaminohemoglobin binds CO2 and there is less oxygen
Term
Life Span of an Erythrocyte (RBC)
Definition
120 days
Term
Amount of Erythrocytes in Male and Female
Definition
Males: ~5.4mil/mm3
Females: ~4.8mil/mm3
Term
The rate of Erythropoiesis is controlled by
Definition
O2 level and kidney hormone erythropoietin; negative feedback loop
Term
Erythropoiesis is monitored via...
Definition
reticulocyte count
-checks rate of RBC production
-used to diagnosis anemia
Term
stomach/digestive tract produces intrinsic factor that is required to absorb the B12 used in the production of RBCs, used by bone marrow.
Definition
Erythropoiesis
Term
The ratio of red blood cells compared to the total volume of blood
Definition
Hematocrit
Term
Hematocrit of males and females
Definition
Males ~47%
Females ~ 42%
Term
3 Types of Leukocytes
Definition
-Neutrophil
-Eosinophil
-Basophil
Term
Nucleus multilobed; inconspicuous cytoplasmic granules
Definition
Neutrophil
Term
Nucleus bilobed; red cytoplasmic granules
Definition
Eosinophil
Term
Nucleus bilobed; large purplish-black cytoplasmic granules
Definition
Basophil
Term
Function: Phagocytize bacteria
Definition
Neutrophil
Term
Function: Kill parasitic worms; complex role in allergy and asthma
Definition
Eosinophil
Term
Function: Release histamine and other mediators of inflammation; contain heparin, an anticoagulant
Definition
Basophil
Term
% of Neutrophil
Definition
50-70
Term
% of Eosinophil
Definition
2-4
Term
% of Basophil
Definition
0.5-1%
Term
Life Span of WBC
Definition
few hours to a few days
Term
Amount of WBC (Leukocytes)
Definition
5-10 thousand/mm3
Term
General Function of Leukocytes (WBC)
Definition
to combat infection and foreign invasion by toxins, foreign cells, bacteria, viruses, fungi.
Term
Two Types of Agranular WBC's (Leukocytes)
Definition
Lymphocytes and Monocytes
Term
-Lymphoid tissue-production (primarily thymus)
Definition
AGRANULAR WBC
Term
Function of Lymphocytes
Definition
produce antibodies or T-Cells
Term
How much of total WBC count does Lymphocytes make up?
Definition
25% +
Term
Two Types of Lymphocytes
Definition
B- bone marrow derived
T- Thymus derived
Term
How much of total WBC Count does Monocytes make up?
Definition
3-8%
Term
Function of Monocytes
Definition
Phagocytize foreign invaders
Term
-red bone marrow produced
-polymorphonuclear (many-shaped nucleus)
-granular cytoplasm when stained
Definition
Granular WBC
Term
Three types of Granular WBC's
Definition
Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils
Term
Produced/derived from the same stem cell (hemocytoblast) as RBC& WBC
Definition
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
Term
-Specializes or differentiates into a megokaryocyte which is now destined to produce platelets
- it sheds cytoplasm and membranes
- frgaments and forms platelets
- move in circulation
Definition
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
Term
Lifespan of a Platelet
Definition
5-9 days
Term
250-400 thousand/mm3
Definition
Platelets
Term
repair slightly damaged blood vessel linings

initiate chain reaction for clotting
Definition
Platelets
Term
blood vessel other than a capillary is damaged.
Definition
Vascular Spasm
Term
Vascular Spasm

A
B
C
D
Definition
a. smooth muscle contracts in wall of vessel
b. spasm of contractoin
c. reduces blood flow until other mechanisms are working
d. initiated due to damage of smooth muscle cells, nerve reflex fibers, and pain receptors.
Term
platelets contact parts of damaged vessel such as collagen under epithelium and then platelets undergo changes.
Definition
Platelet Plug
Term
Secrete substances which increase stickiness of platelets and vasoconstrictors (ADP, Prostaglandin, Serotonin)
Definition
Platelet Release Reaction
Term
-for mass --> more and more platelets adhere
- vere effective in preventing blood loss in small vessels
Definition
Platelet Plug Formation
Term
reinforces the platelet plug with fibrin threads that act as a molecular glue for the aggregated platelets.
Definition
Coagulation
Term
3 Stages of Coagulation
Definition
Stage 1: formation of prothrombin activator
Stage 2: conversion of prothrombin into enzyme thrombin
Stage 3: conversion of soluble fibrinogen into soluble fibrin strands.
Term
What happens if a person has a low fat metabolism?
Definition
This would result in low vitamin K= poor or no clotting.
Term
Intrinsic Vs Extrinsic paths to prothrombin activator
Definition
Intrinsic= internal damage in vessel wall
Extrinsic= tissue damage
Intrinsic= damage detected as blood flows through vessel and very slow
Extrinsic= tearing of blood vessels and tissues, much fasters, occurs in seconds.

Both end with Factor X produced
Term
tightening and consolidatoin of the clot, drying, squeezing out fluid.

Knits vessel ends together, initiates healing of damaged vessel
Definition
Clot Retraction
Term
Fibrinolysis
Definition
clot dissolution via thrombin, lysozome enzymes, and TPA come together and activate plasminogen which is already in the blood in an inactive form. Activated Plasmin dissolves clot.
Term
Three anticoagulants to prevent unnecessary clotting
Definition
-protocyclin
-Heparin
-Wayfarin
Term
blood clot in a closed vein or artery
Definition
Thrombus
Term
a clot, fat from a broken bone, air bubble, or other debris traveling in the blood stream. Example lodge in lungs--> pulmonary emolism
Definition
Embolous
Term
if you have protein in your blood
Definition
Rh+
Term
if you do not have the protein
Definition
Rh-
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