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Definition
plasma protein
contributes to colloid osmotic pressure
causes water to move into blood |
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Definition
plasma protein
defense against foreign invaders |
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Definition
plasma protein
precursor to fibrin, clotting protein |
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Definition
plasma protein
increase solubility of substances in blood
Ex: transferrin-transports iron |
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Definition
plasma proteins
able to travel in blood without carrier
Ex: amine and peptide |
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Definition
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Definition
Red Blood Cells
5 million cells/microL of blood
function: transport of O2 and CO2
biconcave shape
no nucleus
no mitochondria
glycolysis
flexible membrane with spectrin |
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Definition
% of RBC in blood volume
45% for average person |
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Definition
protein in red blood cell membrane
allows membrane to change shape due to changes in surrounding fluid, allow movement through small spaces, change shape due to diseases |
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Definition
plasma protein used for transport of O2 and CO2
4 polypeptide chains (2alpha, 2beta)
each chain contains heme group (contains iron)
O2 binds to heme group
CO2 binds to chains
1 hemoglobulin can bind 4 O2 |
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Definition
White Blood Cells
function: protect body from foreign invaders
4k-11k cell/microL blood
contains nucleus!
five types in order of abundance: NLMEB (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils) |
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Term
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Definition
type of white blood cell
phagocytic
release cytokines to increase body temp and increase inflammation
bacterial infection |
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Term
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Definition
located in lymphoid tissue (more likely to be exposed to antigens)
tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen
2 types: B and T cells
B cells=antibodies
T cells=cytotoxic (kill infected cells) and helper (stimulate immune response)
viral infection |
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Term
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Definition
type of white blood cell
circulate in blood
enter tissue become--> Macrophage
phagocytes
antigen presenting cells |
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Term
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Definition
white blood cell
released during allergic reactions and to kill parasitic worms |
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Definition
white blood cells
involved in allergic reactions and inflammation
releases histamine=vasodilation and bronchoconstriction
release heparin=inhibits blood clotting
circulates in blood
enter tissues become-->Mast cells
skin, lungs, digestive tract |
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Term
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Definition
cell fragments from megakaryocytes (large cells located in bone marrow)
150k platelets/microL blood
no nucleus
contains granules filled with clotting proteins and cytokines
always present in blood
not active unless damage occurs
plays a role in coagulation |
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Term
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Definition
| bone marrow cell that fragments and gives rise to platelets |
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Term
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Definition
production and development of blood cells
all blood cells derived from one precursor cell-->Hemocytoblast
process is age dependent (as child ages, active regions of bone marrow decreases. adults: only areas of production is in bones of the hip, vertebrae, ribs, cranium, and proximal ends of long bones)
hemocytoblast-->uncommitted stem cell-->committed stem cell |
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Term
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Definition
stem cell located in RED bone marrow
can develop into any type of blood cell |
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Term
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Definition
production of red blood cells
controlled by hormone erythropoietin |
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Term
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Definition
hormone that controls red blood cell production (erythropoiesis)
made in kidneys
synthesis of hormone is stimulated by hypoxia (low levels of O2 in tissues)
more red blood cells=more oxygen transported |
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Term
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Definition
decreased oxygen carrying capacity due to defective hemoglobulin or low red blood cell numbers
2 possible causes
1. abnormal hemoglobuin=sickle cell causes RBC to be sicle cell shape and rupture at high rate
2. inadequate hemoglobulin sysnthetis=due to inadequate intake of dietary iron |
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Term
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Definition
production of white blood cells
controlled by colony stimulating factor
depending on need, differentiation of a particular white blood cell will occur
Ex: bacterial infection=neutrophils
viral infection=lymphocytes
parasitic worms=eosinophils |
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Term
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Definition
production of megakaryocytes-->production of platelets
controlled by thrombopoietin |
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Term
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Definition
hormone that controls megakaryocyte and platelet production
produced in liver and kidneys |
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Term
| Colony Stimulating Factor |
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Definition
hormone that controls white blood cell production
produced in endothelial cells, fibroblasts in bone marrow, and white blood cells |
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Term
| Prevention of blood loss steps |
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Definition
1. Vasoconstriction
2. Platelet Plug
3. Clot |
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Term
| Vasoconstriction in Prevention of Blood Loss |
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Definition
| endothelium release chemicals that cause vasoconstriction of blood vessels to decrease blood flow, blood pressure, and blood loss |
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Term
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Definition
platelets adhere to collagen in damaged blood vessel wall
platelets release chemicals to function in vasoconstriction (serotonin, thromboxane A2) and platelet aggregation (ADP, platelet activating factor)
more platelets are attracted and adhere to each other to form platelet plug |
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Term
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Definition
inactive proteins are activated by the intrinsic or extrinsic pathway to contribute to the clotting process
end result is the formation of fibrin protein from fibrinogen, which stabilizes platelet plug to become a clot |
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Term
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Definition
triggered by damage to blood vessel lining
exposure to collagen
collagen activates F12 to begin cascade
F12: F11-->F11a
F11a: F9-->F9a
F9a+F8a: F10-->F10a
F12, F11, F9, F9+F8, F10 |
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Term
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Definition
triggered by damage to blood vessel lining
exposes tissue factor 3
tissue factor 3 activates factor & to begin cascade
F3a: F7-->F7a
F3a+F7a: F10-->F10a
F3, F7, F3+F7, F10 |
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Term
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Definition
F10a causes prothrombin-->thrombin
thrombin causes fibrinogen--> fibrin
thrombin causes F8-->F8a
F8a causes production of cross linking in fibrin
thrombin acts in positive feedback loop to activate F11 and F7
*Calcium is required for activation of clotting factors
*Vitamin K is required for synthesis of clotting factors and prothrombin |
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Term
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Definition
breakdown of fibrin in blood clot
1. thrombin and tPA (tissue plasminogen activator) activate plasminogen
2. plasminogen-->plasmin
3. plasmin breaks up fibrin in clots |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits thrombin formation |
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Term
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Definition
inhibits platelet aggregation
inhibits release of clotting substances |
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Term
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Definition
binds to free calcium
lowers the amt of calcium available for coagulation |
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Term
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Definition
| disrupts vitamin K activity, which is needed for synthesis of clotting factors |
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