Term
Blood carries all of the following except:
1. Oxygen,
2. pisolithus tinctorius,
3. ACTH,
4. Nutritional supplements |
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Definition
| 2. you'll want to look this one up if you're into plants, otherwise, Oxy goes w/o saying, ACTH is a hormone, so goes in the blood, and nutritional supplements are nutrition: nutrients are carried in the body. |
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Term
| T/F: Blood does not remove waste products from the body. |
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Definition
| Tricky Walsh type question: Blood doesn't remove the waste from the body, the kidneys and GI tract do that. However, IT DOES remove it from the tissues and get it to the kidneys. Argue this point one way or the other, but I would likely go w/ F because it does remove waste from parts of the body. |
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Term
A direct function of blood is:
1. help support the human body,
2. help generate gametocytosis,
3. regulate pH,
4. supply nutrients to brain gray matter. |
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Definition
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Term
| When blood helps balance pH, it is demonstrating __________ ___________? |
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Definition
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Term
Blood has some role in protecting us. It does so by:
1. elements attack foreign bodies,
2. removing C02,
3. causing erector pilli contraction,
4. providing a force shield |
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Definition
| 1. WBCs attack foreign elements, Ig's, and all that too |
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Term
| T/F: the human body has approximately 6 pints of fluid. |
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Definition
| F: Approx 6 quarts or 5.5L |
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Term
| Plasma has a ________ appearance and is light ________ in color. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells make up ______% of total blood volume. This measurement is known as the ___________. |
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Definition
| 45% on average, hematocrit |
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Term
The formed elements of blood consist of all of the following but:
1. RBCs,
2. Platelets,
3. WBC's,
4. Fibrinogen |
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Definition
| 4. Fibrinogen is a protein in the plasma. The formed elements are the blood cells and platelets |
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Term
| T/F: Plasma is 50-55% water |
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Definition
| F: it is 90% water and makes up 50-55% of blood volume (total volume - hematocrit value.) |
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Term
| T/F: Serum is simply plasma with no more fibrinogen |
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Definition
| T: The fibrinogen has been clotted (and removed.) |
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Term
| Plasma proteins make-up 6-7% of plasma weight. Which plasma protein is the majority? |
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Definition
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Term
Albumin does all of the following but:
1. transports solutes,
2. regulates temperature,
3. maintains colloidal oncotic pressure,
4. regulates water |
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Definition
| 2. albumin does not regulate temperature. |
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Term
| Colloidal oncotic pressure is also know as ________ and is regulated by this plasma protein. |
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Definition
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Term
| Globulins in the plasma represent about _______% of the proteins therein. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: without fibrin, fibrinogen cannot do its job. |
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Definition
| F: Fibrinogen is a precursor to fibrin in the clotting cascade |
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Term
| What two plasma proteins represent the last steps in the clotting cascade? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Disk shaped cytoplasmic fragments are know as _________ |
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Definition
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Term
All of the following are true about platelets but:
1. Spleen has a reserve,
2. important in clotting,
3. are not capable of mitosis,
4. live for approx. 10 days.
5. all the answers are true |
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Definition
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Term
| RBC's are enucleated and cannot divide, what other formed element is incapable of mitosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| This non heme bearing formed element is removed by macrophages in the spleen. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Platelet counts should be around 5-10,000. Any lower indicates anemia. |
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Definition
| F: Should be 150-300,000. Anemia is indicated by low RBCs |
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Term
| T/F: Leukocytes form platelets as they deteriorate |
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Definition
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Term
| Normal count for leukocytes is ___________ |
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Definition
|
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Term
| T/F: a painful blood malady is sickle cell anemia which affects the leukocytes |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Granulocytes have membrane bound _________ in the cytoplasm |
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Definition
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|
Term
The granules in granulocytes:
1. activate the renin-angiotensin system,
2. destroy microorganisms and breakdown debris,
3. Contain biochem. growth factors & bound medicines,
4. give them a rough texture that irritates the local tissue. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| T/F: Agranulocytes contain very few granules |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Never Let Men Eat Beans is important (beyond the obvious) |
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Definition
| Mnemonic for normal distribution of WBCs from highest to lowest (%): Neutrophils (55), Lymphocytes(25-36), Monocytes, Eosinophils(1-4), Basophils (<1) |
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Term
| The granulocytes are: (3) |
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Definition
| NEB: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils |
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Term
| The agranulocytes are (3) |
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Definition
| Monocytes and lymphocytes, but also Natural killer (NK) cells |
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Term
| T/F: Natural Killer (NK) cells are considered agranulocytes |
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Definition
| T - they are a variety of lymphocyte |
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Term
| This cell produces cytokines involved in immune response |
|
Definition
| Natural Killers (5-10% of WBC volume.) |
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Term
| T/F: Macrophages are immature monocytes |
|
Definition
| F: monocytes are immature macros. |
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Term
| Monocytes remove several things from circulation. The two highlighted were? |
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Definition
| Old and damaged cells, large molecules |
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|
Term
| The major cells of the immune system are the ___________? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: the lymphocytes life span is 90-120 days. |
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Definition
| F: this is RBCs, the lymphocytes live for varied times from days to years depending on their type |
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Term
| The WBC responsible from killing tumor cells and virally infected cells is the ________? |
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Definition
| Natural Killers (5-10% of WBC volume.) |
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|
Term
The primary immunogenic WBC is the:
1. Neutrophil,
2. Basophil,
3. Lymphocyte.
4. Eosinophil. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The most abundant formed element is _______________ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Red blood cells are more formally called |
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Definition
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Term
| A client's new lab value shows a RBC count of 5 million. The nurse would immediately notify _________ with his/her concern. |
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Definition
| No one: this is within normal limits |
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Term
| T/F: the erythrocytes mitochondria help it transport its payload |
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Definition
| F: the RBC's have no nucleus or MITOCHONDRIA. The heme group helps the RBC transport O2 |
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Term
| RBC's lifespan is approximate ____________ |
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Definition
|
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Term
| T/F: in a healthy individual, RBC's will be reversibly deformed. |
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Definition
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Term
| RBC's do not have ________ or __________ like their cousins, the WBC's. This means they cannot do what? |
|
Definition
| nucleus or mitochondria. They cannot divide or carry out oxidative reactions |
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Term
| Where are older RBC's removed in an intact individual? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The word used to describe when RBCs die is? |
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Definition
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Term
| What organ (and specifically what cells) are used to remove senescent RBCs when the spleen has been removed? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: the Kupffer cells are active in the pancreas to remove old RBCs |
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Definition
| F: they are in the liver. |
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Term
| T/F: RBC's contain heme and Fe. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| T/F: Macrophages are biconcave and flexible to allow positive chemotaxis |
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Definition
| F: RBC's are biconcave which allows them to deform (reversibly) and fit though tiny capillaries. |
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Term
| This organ is primarily responsible for removing senescent RBC's, is the second largest lymphoid organ, and is the site of fetal hematopoiesis. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Fetal hematopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow when EPO signals it to occur. |
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Definition
| F: it happens in the spleen. |
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Term
| T/F: Someone can survive without their spleen |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How much reserve blood does the spleen store? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| This is the trigger to the spleen to release its store of blood |
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Definition
| Sudden drop in blood pressure |
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|
Term
| When the spleen releases its blood reserve, it can increase the hematocrit by _______% |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Shrinking lymph nodes cause and indicate an infection is present |
|
Definition
| F: swollen node indicate infection may be present as they are filtering material from blood and enlarge |
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Term
| Lymph nodes act as a "nursery" for these cells: they facilitate maturation of _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| The process of generating blood from pluripotent cells in the marrow is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: generation of the formed elements of blood come from pluripotent cells |
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Definition
| T: a hematopoietic stem cell. |
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Term
| RBC's are released to the peripheral system as they are made, but what % of WBC's are release and what % remain in "storage." |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 100 billion each day is significant why? |
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Definition
| It's the amount of new blood cells needed daily by a person |
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|
Term
Colony stimulating factors:
1. cause fungi to proliferate and an appropriate WBC response,
2. stimulate the proliferation of progenitor cells for hematopoiesis,
3. myeloid tissue causing muscle development,
4. selective pressure on a population to move and find additional resources |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Myeloid tissue is more commonly known as |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Active bone marrow is called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is red marrow found? |
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Definition
Pelvic bones,
vertebrae,
cranium,
mandible,
sternum and ribs,
proximal humorous and femur |
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Term
| T/F: Yellow marrow also contributes to hematopoiesis |
|
Definition
| F: it is INACTIVE marrow and gets its color from fat |
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Term
|
Definition
| Erythropoietin: a hormone that stimulates erythrocyte production. Important to cancer patients, renal failure patients |
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Term
| T/F: reticulocytes are undifferentiated blood cells that can become any formed element |
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Definition
| F: Reticulocytes are the last immature stage of RBC . |
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Term
| A reticulocyte count is useful in some patients. When? |
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Definition
| When trying to see how the patient's blood formation is proceeding or erythropoietic activity |
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Term
| What color is the specimen tube's top when a CBC is ordered? |
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Definition
| Purple - it contains EDTA which avoids clotting |
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Term
| T/F: in a healthy adult, the number of circulating RBC fluctuates |
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Definition
| F: RBC count in healthy person is fairly constant. |
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Term
| T/F: Erythropoietin is produced in the kidneys by peritubular cells |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Peritubular cells excrete ________ which regulates ____________ |
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Definition
| erythropoietin, erythropoiesis |
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|
Term
| What stimulates the production & release of erythropoietin? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Floyd Landis, a professional athlete, might train in Colorado for a month before a competition in Florida. Why? |
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Definition
| The thinner atmosphere increases hypoxia to the cells, generating and releasing EPO, resulting in more RBC and increased O2 carrying capacity which increases endurance at sea level. |
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Term
| T/F: Hematopoiesis and erythropoiesis are synonymous |
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Definition
| F: Hematopoiesis is the process from pluripotent stem cell to final formed element cell (Red, White, Platelet,) Whereas Erythropoiesis if formation of RBCs |
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|
Term
Erythropoiesis is stimulated by:
1. hypoxia,
2. increased serum iron,
3. hypotension,
4. reduced serum hemoglobin |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Erythropoiesis requires Vitamin:
1. A,
2. B12,
3. D,
4. K |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The oxygen carrying protein of WBC is? |
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Definition
| There isn't one. It is hemoglobin in RBCs |
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|
Term
| 1 RBC can carry as many as _______ hemoglobin molecules |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Adult hemoglobin has ___ pair of polypeptide chains |
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Definition
| 2 pair or 4 total: two alpha, and two beta |
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Term
| T/F: through a rapid exchange, hemoglobin transfers O2 out of the lungs |
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Definition
| T - think about that one. You mechanically bring O2 into the lungs, and hemoglobin takes it OUT into the body. |
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|
Term
| Iron used in hemoglobin is normally _________ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 2/3 of iron is bound in blood as _________ and muscles as _________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| __________ of body iron is stored as ferritin or hemosiderin |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Chronic venous insufficiency often shows a discoloration in the "gator" area of the lower leg. This is caused by? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Only about ____% of iron is lost from the body through ______ (4) |
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Definition
| 3% lost by urine, sweat, epithelial cells, or through gut |
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|
Term
The protein, plasma carrier for iron (not the heme group/RBC) is:
1. Transferrin,
2. Ferrotransferase,
3. ferrase,
4. albumin |
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Definition
| 1. Transferrin - which is what it's called when bound to Fe. Otherwise it's known as apotransferrin |
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Term
| T/F: the body regulates iron by excreting/eliminating excess iron |
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Definition
| F: Fe is regulated by absorbing more when body is low, and storing it when there is excess |
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Term
| Vitamins B12 and Folate are important to erythropoiesis. Why? |
|
Definition
| DNA/RNA synthesis and cell maturation |
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|
Term
| What other metallic element, other than Fe, do RBC's need? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All of the following vitamins are important to erythropoiesis except:
1. A,
2. B,
3. C,
4. E |
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Definition
| 1. Vitamin A is not listed on p. 969, Table 25-6 as being a nutrition requirement for erythropoiesis |
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|
Term
| Green leafy vegetables, liver and yeast contain this essential vitamin for erythropoiesis |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Low intake of folic acid/folate affects what cells in an adult? |
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Definition
| Rapidly proliferating tissue, such as cells in bone marrow |
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Term
| Megaloblastic anemia can be caused by a deficiency of this vitamin. This anemia is a form of ________ anemia |
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Definition
| Folic Acid/Folate, Macrocytic |
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Term
| T/F: Vit. B12 is ONLY found in animal products |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin B12 requires _____ for absorption, is essential for _________ formation in the nervous system, and, when deficient, can result in __________ anemia. |
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Definition
| Intrinsic Factor, myelin, pernicious |
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Term
| Who runs the risk of being vitamin B12 deficient |
|
Definition
| Vegetarians and people who don't produce Intrinsic Factor |
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|
Term
All of the following contribute to WBC production except:
1. growth factors,
2. colony stimulating factors,
3. pathogenic factors.
4. chronic unresolved factors |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| WBC production increases under these influences (3) |
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Definition
| Infection, steroids, decreased reserves |
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Term
| Platelets come from this cell: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: Platelets "live" in the blood stream for 90-120 days |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Platelets contribute to ________ by inducing _________ |
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Definition
| decreased blood flow, vasoconstriction |
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Term
| Platelets connect/repel one another to promote bleeding/clotting |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The process platelets contribute to/activate is the ____________ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: Platelets initiate clot retraction and clot dissolution |
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Definition
| T - clot dissolution is fibrinolysis |
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|
Term
| T/F: hemostasis is keeping your CBC within normal ranges |
|
Definition
| F: it is the process where blood flow is stopped from within an injured vessel |
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|
Term
| A platelet plug's formation in an injured vessel has (4) "steps" that are: |
|
Definition
| Adhesion, Activation, Aggregation, Secretion |
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|
Term
| Activation of the coagulation cascade is aka: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe clot retraction and dissolution |
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Definition
| fibrin strands shorten and become denser/stronger to approximate the edges of the injured vessel/injury site |
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|
Term
| There are two pathways in the clotting cascade: ___________ & ____________ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What activates Fibrinogen to convert to Fibrin? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Hageman factor activates the __________ pathway, and Tissue factor the __________. |
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Definition
| Intrinsic, extrinsic ("HI, ET!" ET:"The people on this planet are crazy; where's my phone so I can call my brother to take me home?" . . . what, you were expecting a beer joke?) |
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Term
| The last step of the clotting cascade is the production of ___________ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| One who has had their parathyroid removed may have difficulty clotting due to a serum deficiency of this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Von Willebrand factor is:
1. Synthesized in response to injury,
2. Released by endothelial cells as well as platelets,
3. An antithrombotic,
4. A vasoconstrictor at the site of the injury |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: Plasminogen is converted to plasmin in order to dissolve clots |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antithrombotics such as Antithrombin III are __________ inhibitors, affecting _________ and ___________ in the clot cascade |
|
Definition
| protease, thrombin and factor Xa |
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|
Term
| These proteins are necessary for coagulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fibrinolysis occurs in response to:
1. thromboplastin,
2 GpIIb-IIIa complex,
3. Thromboxane A2,
4. plasmin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PTT is the ______________ and measures __________ in relation to __________ use. |
|
Definition
| Partial Thromboplastin Time, clotting time in seconds, heparin |
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|
Term
| PT Is the _____________and measures____________in relation to __________use. |
|
Definition
| Prothrombin Time, clotting time in seconds, Warfarin/Coumadin |
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|
Term
| INR is the ____________and measures____________with the ideal range being _________ |
|
Definition
| International Normalized Ratio, the ratio of actual:normal clot time, .8-1.2 |
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|
Term
| Therapeutic range for an INR measurement would be |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F INR measures the seconds it takes for fibrinogen to convent to fibrin |
|
Definition
| F: it is a standardized ratio of actual:normal clotting times with 1 being ideal. |
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|
Term
| T/F: fractionalized heparin is low molecular weight heparin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PTT time is typically in the _________s range |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PT time is normally in the _______s range |
|
Definition
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