Term
| Two reasons we have circulating blood |
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Definition
1)Deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues
2)Defense against infection |
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Term
| Components of blood and different staining for each |
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Definition
RBC’s are erythrocytes, they stain red
WBC’s are leukocytes and are white in test tube
Platelets aka thrombocytes and are abbreviated as PLT’s |
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Term
| The characteristics of blood |
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Definition
1) connective tissue
2) derived from embryonic mesoderm
3) Connects many tissues throughout body |
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Term
| Blood components (general) |
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Definition
| Cellular Components and Plasma (liquid and proteins) |
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Term
| Cellular components of blood |
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Definition
1) Erythrocytes (RBC's)
2) Leukocytes (WBC's)
a) granulocytes
b) lymphocytes
3) Platelets (thrombocytes, PLT's) |
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Term
| Components of blood plasma |
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Definition
1) clotting factors
2) immunoglobins (antibodies)
3) albumin |
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Term
| All tissues required 2 things |
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Definition
1) oxygen
2) infection control |
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Term
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Definition
| death of cells due to lack of oxygen |
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Term
| organs most sensitive to oxygen exchange/amount |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal growth of an invading organism |
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Term
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Definition
| reactive response to damage |
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Term
| All the tissues that affect blood cell function |
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Definition
1) GI tract
2) Kidney
3) Liver
4) lungs
5) heart
6) bone |
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Term
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Definition
| site of absorption of vitamins and minerals needed for blood cell production |
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Term
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Definition
| senses oxygen level in blood and responds accordingly |
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Term
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Definition
| produces clotting factors |
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Term
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Definition
| exchanges oxygen for carbon dioxide |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| site of blood cell maturation |
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Term
| two different staining methods for RBC's |
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Definition
1) unstained
2) Wright-giemsa stain |
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Term
| normal blood volume of person |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| percentage of blood made of RBC's |
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Term
Hematocrit of
1) Female
2) Male
3) Newborn |
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Definition
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Term
| Total red cell count in a body |
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Definition
about 5 million (5x10^6 RBCs/microliter)
5 liters in body means 25 trillion RBC's
or 25X10^12 |
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Term
| RBC features: size and shape |
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Definition
1) small (7-8 microns diameter, 1 micron tall)
2) biconcave disk
3) stains acidophilic (red)
4) anucleate (derived from nucleated cells in bone marrow)
5) reticulocyte= young RBC |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| three different categories regarding RBC size |
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Definition
1) Normocytic
2) Microcytic
3) macrocytic |
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Term
| Different kinds of RBC shapes |
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Definition
1)normal
2) spherocytes
3) ovalocytes
4) sickle cells
5) target cells
6) shistocytes
7) poikilocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| very abnormal red blood cells, that have a bullseye appearance. These cells (from red blood cells) are associated with Hemoglobin C (HbC) disease |
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Term
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Definition
| typically irregularly shaped, jagged, and asymmetrical; does not have central pallor; are sometimes referred to as "helmet cells." |
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Term
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Definition
| word used to describe a predominance of one particular type of abnormally shaped red cells, some of which may indicate possible presence of a specific disease or disorder |
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Term
| two different RBC colors (chromicity) |
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Definition
1) normochromic
2) hypochromic |
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Term
| Parameters of blooc measured routinely |
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Definition
1) Mean Cell Volume (MCV)
2) Mean Cell hemoglobin (MCH)
3) Mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
4) Red cell distribution width (RDW) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Function of RBC
what does the RBC not do??? |
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Definition
Oxygen-delivering machine
it is not:
an oxygen produced
an oxygen magnet
nor a passive oxygen carrier |
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Term
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Definition
| molecule that delivers oxygen, in RBC's so they can catch/release oxygen. each RBC carries millions of Hgb molecules |
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Term
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Definition
4 (heme + globin)
2 alpha globin chains
2 beta globin chains |
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Term
| what do the 4 globin chains in each Hgb allow it to do? |
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Definition
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Term
| KNOW THE HEMOGLOBIN GRAPHS!!! |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| role of pH in oxygen affinity of hemoglobin |
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Term
| 2,3 diphosphoglycerate (2,3 DPG or 2,3 BPG) |
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Definition
| Derived from glycolysis intermediate (1,3 DPG) and it is used by RBC to regulate the affinity of Hgb for oxygen. |
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Term
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Definition
shifts the curve rightward, bc RBC is more generous and lets go of oxygen more easily, at a higher partial pressure of oxygen in the tissues
also is increased in hypoxia, anemia
takes 2-3 days to increase it though (versus pH which decreases in seconds) |
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Term
| what % of adult Hgb is alpha2beta2? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hgb alpha2delta2 makes up what % of adult hgb? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| use alpha and beta chains. |
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Term
| Fetuses use what type of Hgb? |
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Definition
| Hgb F, which is made up of alpha2gamma2 |
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Term
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Definition
| , in fetus, can steal oxygen from maternal Hgb A because it is resistant to the effects of 2,3, DPG |
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Term
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Definition
has a single point mutation on beta chain that substitutes valine for glutamate at position 6
becomes insoluble when deoxygenated
precipitates causing the cells to sickle |
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Term
| patients who are homozygous for Hgb S mutation have what disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| heterozygotes for Hgb S mutation have what? |
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Definition
| sickle cell traits but not full blown disease.... this protects against malaria |
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Term
| For heme iron to bind oxygen, it must be what? |
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Definition
| reduced (ferrous) in Fe2+ form |
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Term
| Heme iron state in which oxygen cannot bind |
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Definition
| oxidized (ferric) state Fe3+ |
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Term
| how can heme iron be restored to bind to oxygen again if it originally cannot do so? |
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Definition
| it must be reduced by NADH |
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Term
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Definition
| a class of enzymes that catalyze the dismutation of superoxide into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. As such, they are an important antioxidant defense in nearly all cells exposed to oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms that are exposed to oxygen, where it catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| an antioxidant, preventing damage to important cellular components caused by reactive oxygen species such as free radicals and peroxides; it reduces disulfide bonds formed within cytoplasmic proteins to cysteines by serving as an electron donor |
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Term
| treacherous organ the RBC has to travel through |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the right ratio of cytoplasm to membrane, (necessary for RBC's to enter tissue capillaries and splenic cord |
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Term
| what exchange passes through membrane of RBC? |
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Definition
| Na+ out and 2K+ or H+ in.... by Na/K ATPase pump |
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Term
| components of RBC cytoskeleton |
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Definition
1) spectrin
2) ankyrin
3) Band 4.1
4) Band 3 |
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Term
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Definition
| band 1, gives RBC its rubber-like elasticity |
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Term
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Definition
| anchor spectrin to membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| anion exchanger (aka AE1), important for moving bicarbonate in and out |
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Term
| lipid bilayer-skeleton uncoupling vertical interactions |
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Definition
| deficiency of spectrin, ankyrin or band 3 protein --> lipid bilayer skeleton uncoupling --> membrane loss in form of microvesicles --> surface area deficiency leading to spherocytosis |
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Term
| hereditary spherocytosis (HS) |
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Definition
| mutation in spectrin (or ankyrin or Band 3), making fragile spherocytes that have a shorter lifespan than regular RBC's |
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Term
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Definition
| MCV is normal, mean cell diameter on blood smear is reduced though |
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Term
| Hereditary epitocytosis (HE) |
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Definition
| due to spectrin mutation, most people who have this are asymtomatic, confers resistance to malaria |
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Term
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Definition
| variety of sizes of RBC's within a person |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| has low oxygen affinity (allows hgb to generously give up its oxygen in the tissues) |
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Term
| factors that alter the dissocation curve of oxygen (potential things that shift the graph) |
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Definition
temperature
pH
level of 2,3, DPG |
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Term
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Definition
| term used to describe a problem with hemoglobin; less of the chain is produced or a mutant chain such as sickle Hgb is produced that makes the Hgb less soluble |
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Term
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Definition
120 days
(100,000 trips through circulatory system) |
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Term
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Definition
| remove pieces of RBC membrane or entire RBCs that are no longer in good shape |
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