Term
| Which layer of the blood vessel contains smooth muscle cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of the storage granules that are found in endothelial cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does vascular leakage, leukocyte extravasation occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percentage of blood is flowing through veins at any point? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some of the functions of endothelial cells beside maintaining nonthrombogenic bio-tissue interface? |
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Definition
modulate vascular resistance
metabolize hormones
regulate inflammaiton
affect growth of other cell types, particularly smooth muscle |
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Term
| In blood vessel disease, symptoms of fever and malaise are typically associated with what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of inflammation is common in temporal (giant cell) arteritis? |
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Definition
| granulomatous inflammation |
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Term
| What is the common course of treatment for polyarteritis nodosa? |
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Definition
| combination of corticosteroids (e.g. prednisone) and cyclophosphamide |
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Term
| Upon microscopic examination of Temporal Arteritis, what should we expect to see? |
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Definition
| nodular thickenings and lumen reduction |
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Term
| Takayasu disease presents with without detectable pulses in which part(s) of the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| The patient reports that she is feeling coldness and numbness in her fingers. Further examination reveals transmural fibrous thickening in the aorta. What other arteries do we need to check in this patient? |
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Definition
| the pulmonary arteries (Takayasu disease, 50% of these cases affect the pulmonary arteries) |
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Term
| What is considered to be "characteristic" of polyarteritis nodosa? |
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Definition
| all stages of activity co-exist in different vessels or the same vessel at the same time |
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Term
| In 30% of cases of Polyarteritis Nodosa, we might see a case of what (is an infectious disease)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the alternative name for Kawasaki disease? |
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Definition
| Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome |
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Term
| Kawasaki Disease is thought to be the leading cause of what in children? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a patient, a child, presents with conjunctival and oral erythema and erosion, edema of the hands and feet, erythema of the plams and soles, what else should we examine in this patient? |
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Definition
| We need to look at the patient's coronary arteries and check the cervical lymph nodes for enlargement. The patient will also likely have a long-running fever. Differential diagnosis- Kawasaki Disease |
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Term
| What is the course of treatment for Kawasaki? |
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Definition
| high dose of aspirin and IV gamma globulin |
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Term
| Microscopic polyangiitis typically affects which blood vessels? |
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Definition
| arterioles, capillaries, and venules |
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Term
| What is the most visible change we see in someone who presents with microscopic polyangiitis? |
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Definition
| We look for palpable cutaneous purpura |
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Term
| In microscopic polyaniitis is there granulomatous inflammation or necrotizing inflammation? |
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Definition
| Like PAN, Microscopic Polyangiitis presents with necrotizing, segmental transmural inflammation. There is also leukocytoclasia (infiltration of the media with neutrophils) |
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Term
| Wegener's Granulomatosis is a disease with a characteristic triad. Name the three common features. |
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Definition
1. acute necrotizing granulomas of the upper and lower respiratory tracts
2. necrotizing and granulomatous vasculitis affecting small and medium sized vessels |
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Term
| In presentation of Wegener's, what condition is persistent and has bilateral nodular and cavitary infiltrates? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what age demographic does polyarteritis nodosa typically affect? |
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Definition
| young people (18-34 year old) |
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Term
| Thromboangitis obliterans is also known by what other name? |
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Definition
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Term
| Thromboangitis Obliterans used to previously common in what demographic? |
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Definition
| Males who were heavy smokers |
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Term
| What is one of the distinguishing characteristics of thromboangiitis obliterans? |
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Definition
| Severe pain with skin lesions due to the fact that both veins and nerves are effected (goes beyond vascular insufficiency) |
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Term
| What are 2 common sources of infectious arteritis? |
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Definition
| Aspergillin and mucormycosis/ can weaken the arterial walls |
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Term
| What is the median age of people with Raynaud's phenomenon? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes varicose veins? |
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Definition
| Increased intraluminal pressure that pushes outward the thin-walled veins, loss of vessel wall support |
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Term
| What is the most common cause of esophageal varices? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is superior vena cava syndrome typically associated with? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can occur as a result of inferior vena cava syndrome? |
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Definition
| There could distention of veins in the lower abdomen that eventually leads to massive proteinuria. |
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Term
| What bacteria is commonly the cause of lymphangitis? |
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Definition
| Group A beta hemolytic streptococcus pyogenes |
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Term
| What percentage of hemangiomas are considered to be internal/deep? |
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Definition
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Term
| What disease commonly features cavernous hemangiomas? |
|
Definition
| Von-Hippel Landau Disease |
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Term
| Describe the clinical presentation of pyogenic granuloma. |
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Definition
| There is a pedunculated red nodule on the skin, bleeds easily, and often ulcerated; the nodule is attached by stalk |
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Term
| What is another name for a cavernous lymphangioma? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the glomus tumor typically located? |
|
Definition
| Distally under the tip of the fingernail |
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Term
| What are the three common groups of vascular ectasias? |
|
Definition
1. Nevus flammeus
2. Spider telangiectasia
3. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia |
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Term
| What is bacillary angiomatosis? |
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Definition
| Vascular proliferation due to opportunistic infections caused by Gram (-) bacteria of the Bartonella family? |
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Term
| What is the common clinical presentation of bacillary angiomatosis? |
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Definition
| One or numerous red papules or nodules or rounded subcutaneous masses; proliferation of capillaries |
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Term
| What are the four major types of Kaposi sarcoma? |
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Definition
1. chronic, classic KS- not associated with HIV/ red to purple skin plaques
2. Lymphadenopathic/African/endemic
3. Transplant-associated immunosuppression
4. AIDS-associated cancer |
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Term
| What are some of the external causes of angiosarcoma? |
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Definition
1. hepatic angiosarcoma- due to arsenic, thorotrast, PVC
2. radiation exposure, foreign material |
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Term
| What type of grafts are used in places of high vascular flow? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two sources of bypass grafting? |
|
Definition
1. saphenous vein
2. internal mammary artery |
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