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Definition
| The process by which mature blood cells form |
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Definition
| blood cells first begin developing in the yolk sac |
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Definition
| blood cells develop in the marrow of all bones, the liver, and the spleen. |
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Definition
| blood cells are produced in the marrow of all bones except those of the face |
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Definition
| blood cells are made in the marrow of the calvarium (a bone in the skull), sternum, ribs, vertebrae, pelvis, and hips (the so-called “axial skeleton”). |
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Definition
| composed of plasma and formed elements (red blood cells [erythrocytes], white blood cells [leukocytes], and platelets). |
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Definition
| the liquid that is left when anticoagulated blood is centrifuged to remove the cells. |
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Definition
| the liquid that is left after the blood coagulates and the clots are removed. |
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Definition
| The percentage of the total volume of the blood that is taken up by packed RBCs |
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Definition
| 40 to 45 (meaning that 40 to 45% of the volume of blood consists of RBCs) |
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Term
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Definition
| white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets |
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Definition
| salts, of which sodium and chloride are the most abundant, albumin and gamma globulins (the latter includes most immunoglobulins), contains and transports carbohydrates, lipids, and other substances. |
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Definition
| ntibodies are produced, and it also filters the blood to remove opsonized microorganisms and aging or damaged blood cells. |
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Definition
| serve as filters, in this case of the lymph, and are likewise important sites of immunological responses to antigens. |
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Definition
| Hormone that manufactures RBC's, made in the kidney's. |
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Definition
| defined by molecules present on the surface of RBCs |
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Definition
| accumulation of bilirubin they destroys nerve ganglia causing severe incapacitations or death.(in a fetus) |
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Definition
| Severe edema due to Rh+IgG antibodies binding to the RBC's of a fetus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Can cross the placenta and effect a fetus such as Rh disease. |
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Definition
| Cannot cross the placenta and differences in ABO blood types do not cause a problem. |
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Definition
| requires vitamin B12, vitamin B6, folic acid, iron, and adequate nutrients |
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Term
| Hemoglobin molecules contain |
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Definition
| four protein chains (globins) and four heme groups. Each heme group consists of four pyrrole rings held together by ferrous iron |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of hemoglobin present in the blood, expressed as grams per 100 ml |
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Definition
| the volume of blood that is occupied by RBCs, expressed as a percentage |
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Term
| Mean corpuscular volume (MCV): |
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Definition
| the average volume of an RBC in femtoliters; indicates whether RBCs are larger or smaller than normal |
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Term
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Definition
| Reticulocytes are immature RBCs that can be distinguished in the laboratory from mature erythrocytes. The presence of reticulocytes indicates that the marrow is currently producing RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
| the size of the RBCs is normal |
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Term
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Definition
| the RBCs are smaller than normal |
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Definition
| the RBCs are larger than normal |
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Term
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Definition
| the color of the RBCs is normal, indicating that the hemoglobin levels are normal |
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Term
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Definition
| the RBCs are paler than normal, indicating that the hemoglobin levels are low |
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Term
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Definition
| Disorders in which there are too many red blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| insufficient healthy red blood cells to carry adequate amounts of oxygen to the tissues. |
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Term
| primary polycythemia (also known as polycythemia vera) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| oxygen-deprived patient, people who live in high altitudes. |
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Term
| Polycythemia vera can be treated by |
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Definition
| bleeding the patient to remove some of the excess RBCs or with chemotherapy to suppress their abnormally high production. |
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Term
| manifestations of anemia result from hypoxia and include... |
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Definition
| fatigue, lethargy, rapid heart rate (tachycardia), shortness of breath (dyspnea), and angina. |
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Term
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Definition
| there is a lack of production of RBCs due to a generalized failure of the bone marrow to function properly |
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Term
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Definition
| diminished numbers of all types of blood cells. |
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Definition
| This condition is usually due to a deficiency in folic acid, vitamin B12, or both. The deficiency may be due to inadequate dietary intake, especially in vegetarians who eat no eggs or milk. There is also an extra need for folic acid during pregnancy |
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Term
| The RBCs in patients with megaloblastic anemia |
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Definition
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Term
| A common cause of Megaloblastic anemia is |
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Definition
| particularly in an aging population, is the inability to absorb vitamin B12 from the diet. The mucosal lining of the stomach produces intrinsic factor, which is needed for absorption of dietary vitamin B12 |
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Term
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Definition
| Chronic immune-mediated destruction of the gastric mucosa may result in insufficient production of intrinsic factor |
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Term
| Patients with pernicious anemia are treated with |
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Definition
| injections of vitamin B12, since their absorption of orally administered vitamin B12 would be very inefficient. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anemia due to inadequate amounts of iron is marked by hypochromic, microcytic RBCs. This is the most common type of anemia in the US. |
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Term
| Iron-deficiency anemia occurs |
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Definition
| during menstruation due to the external blood loss, or in pregnancy when the fetus needs iron. A loss of as little as 2 to 4 ml of blood per day is sufficient to cause this anemia. It is particularly prevalent in young women, due to menstruation combined with a tendency toward inadequate dietary intake of iron. In underdeveloped countries, parasitic worms (e.g., hookworms) are often a cause of chronic intestinal blood loss. A sudden loss of blood will not result in microcytic, hypochromic RBCs; the condition takes time to develop. |
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Term
| Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia |
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Definition
| RBCs also can be destroyed by immune reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| self-directed autoantibodies are of the IgG type, bind to RBCs at normal body temperatures and facilitate destruction of the red cells when the Fc tail of the antibody binds to receptors on macrophages in the spleen |
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Term
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Definition
| IgM autoantibodies that bind to RBCs only in cooler areas of the body (e.g., fingers, toes, and ears). RBCs that react with these antibodies are destroyed when the IgM triggers activation of the complement system. |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic disease in which RBCs are spherical rather than biconcave disks due to mutations in the proteins that form the skeleton of the cell. This condition may be treated by splenectomy to prevent accelerated removal of the RBCs. |
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Term
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Definition
| People affected with sickle cell disease have two copies of the gene for the sickle-cell globin chain of Hb. The abnormal RBCs are destroyed quickly by the spleen, leading to anemia. |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic defects that cause decreased synthesis of globin chains |
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Term
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Definition
| microcytic, have a bump in the center due to accumulation of improperly assembled Hb, giving them a “target” appearance |
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Term
| The worst forms of thalassemia |
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Definition
| result in growth retardation, mental impairment, and cardiorespiratory insufficiency. The RBCs do not tend to jam up in the vessels as in sickle cell disease, so infarction is not a major problem. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fragments of red blood cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| parasite from the soil can enter the thin skin between the toes and go to the GI tract, where it adheres to the mucosa and sucks blood, resulting in iron deficiency anemia |
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Term
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Definition
| the most common infectious disease in the world and a major cause of anemia. The malaria parasite, called Plasmodium, is spread by mosquitoes. It invades and multiplies in RBCs, where it feeds on hemoglobin. |
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Term
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Definition
| carried by ticks, nvades RBCs, but it rarely produces symptoms because the spleen efficiently destroys the infected cells. It can be a problem in individuals who have had splenectomies and so cannot clear the infection as effectively. |
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Term
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Definition
| derived from stem cells in the marrow. These stem cells can give rise to all types of blood cells. |
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Term
| It is important to know that leukocytes... |
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Definition
| have two major pathways, one leading to development of platelets, erythrocytes, and myeloid cells (granulocytes and macrophages) and another leading to development of B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and natural killer cells |
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Term
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Definition
| A decrease in the number of circulating WBCs |
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Term
| systemic lupus erythematosus |
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Definition
| there may be autoimmune destruction of leukocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| greater-than-normal number of circulating WBCs |
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Term
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Definition
| When release is rapid, immature neutrophils (called bands, due to the shape of their nuclei) may appear in the circulation. Appearance of these bands, as well as cells that may be even less mature |
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Term
| acute phase reaction of inflammation |
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Definition
| the bone marrow releases increased numbers of neutrophils in response to factors such as interleukin-1 |
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Term
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Definition
| In most bacterial infections, the leukocytosis that is characteristically produced is largely due to an increase in neutrophils |
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Term
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Definition
| circulating counterparts to mast cells. . The number of these cells may increase in patients with atopic (allergic) conditions |
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Term
| Eosinophils (eosinophilia) |
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Definition
| An increase in the number of these circulating cells is common in allergies and certain parasitic diseases, where they release substances that interfere with the reproduction and maturation of the parasites. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| arise from WBC precursors in the bone marrow, and large numbers of malignant cells circulate in the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| arise from B lymphocytes or their precursors in the lymphoid organs, such as the lymph node or spleen. However, they may spread to non-lymphoid organs, and the malignant cells can sometimes be found in the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| when there is an abnormal, uncoordinated proliferation of immature WBCs in the absence of an appropriate stimulus. Leukemias are thus characterized by too many WBCs that are too immature |
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Term
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Definition
| acute or chronic, and they may arise from cells of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages (see above). |
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Term
| Manifestations of leukemia include |
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Definition
| malaise, night sweats, and weight loss. anemia, infections due to loss of normal leukocytes, and bleeding due to inadequate numbers of platelets. |
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Term
| Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) |
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Definition
| ALL is a malignancy that arises from immature lymphoid cells called lymphoblasts; hence the name |
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Term
| Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) facts |
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Definition
| constitutes about 30% of acute leukemias. It is the commonest form of leukemia in children and the most common malignancy in children under the age of 5. It has a rapid course if untreated. |
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Term
| Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) |
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Definition
| AMLs are malignancies that arise from various immature myeloid cells. |
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Term
| Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) facts: |
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Definition
| the most common acute leukemia in adults, but it occurs at all ages. Without treatment, it usually proves fatal within 6 months |
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Term
| Chemotherapy is effective with... |
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Definition
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Term
| chemotherapy is much less effective in... |
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Definition
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Term
| Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) |
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Definition
| CLL is a malignancy arising from mature B lymphocytes. In the US, it is the most common leukemia of adults and occurs with greatest frequency in those over the age of 50 |
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Term
| The two common leukemias in adults |
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Definition
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Term
| Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) |
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Definition
| CML is a malignancy of myeloid precursor cells. It affects primarily those between the ages of 25 and 60. |
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Term
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Definition
| However, with time (typically from 3 to 5 years), CML becomes acute and ends fatally |
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Term
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Definition
| produced when a piece of genetic information is transferred from chromosome 9 to chromosome 22. This transfer, called a translocation, fuses two genes, called BCR and ABL, so that they produce an enzyme (tyrosine kinase) in an unregulated fashion |
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Term
| imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) |
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Definition
| inhibits the tyrosine kinase, thus restoring normal growth |
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Term
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Definition
| This enzyme speeds up the proliferation of cells and suppresses their death, resulting in uncontrolled growth |
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Term
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Definition
| swelling of the lymph nodes |
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Term
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Definition
| tends to be localized to a single group of axial lymph nodes, tends to spread to adjacent lymph nodes in an orderly way and typically does not invade non-lymphoid organs |
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Term
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Definition
| involves multiple peripheral lymph nodes, has a greater tendency to spread to non-adjacent lymph nodes and frequently involves non-lymphoid organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| tumor cells arise from B lymphocytes in the lymph node follicles and tend to accumulate in those areas, Chemotherapy is generally ineffective. |
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Term
| Diffuse large B-cell lymphomas |
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Definition
| spread diffusely through the nodes, completely destroying the normal architecture. They tend to be aggressive tumors that spread into non-lymphoid organs, Chemotherapy often induces remission and is sometimes curative. |
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Term
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Definition
| highly malignant tumor arising from mature B lymphocytes. It is associated with infection by Epstein-Barr virus. affect children and young adults presents as a tumor in the jaw or facial tissue. It responds well to chemotherapy, and most of its young victims can be cured. |
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Term
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Definition
| presence of large, usually binucleated cells with prominent nucleoli |
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Definition
| a cancer of antibody-producing plasma cells,affects older individuals (> 45). The malignant cells make substances that activate osteoclasts and thus are notorious for destroying bone, leading to pathological fractures and release of large amounts of calcium |
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Term
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Definition
| small (1-2 mm) hemorrhages in the skin, mucosa, or organs |
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Term
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Definition
| slightly larger (≥ 3 mm) hemorrhages in skin and mucosa. |
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Definition
| a large pocket of blood in the tissues. |
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Definition
| large accumulation of blood in a thin layer under the skin and is commonly called a bruise. |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which the body stops bleeding |
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Term
| The hemostatic mechanism requires |
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Definition
| Blood vessels, Platelets, Coagulation proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| weakness of the blood vessels. This often occurs with aging |
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Definition
| very large cells located only in the bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| Anuclear fragments split off from the megakaryocyte |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs |
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Definition
| inhibit the production of a prostaglandin that promotes aggregation of platelets |
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Term
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Definition
| triggered when the endothelial cells that line the inside of the vessel wall are damaged. . Molecules lying beneath the endothelium activate a molecule in the plasma called Factor XII. |
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Term
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Definition
| triggered when injury to cells causes exposure of a molecule called tissue factor. Tissue factor then activates a molecule called Factor VII. |
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Term
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Definition
| Where intrinsic and extrinsic converge. |
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Term
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Definition
| converts prothrombin into thrombin. Thrombin in turns converts fibrinogen into fibrin, which, along with platelets, is the main component of a clot. |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that stabilizes the clot by cross-linking the fibrin strands. |
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Term
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Definition
| a plasma protein called plasminogen is converted to an active enzyme called plasmin. Plasmin breaks down the fibrin in the clot and dissolves it. |
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Term
| tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). |
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Definition
| This protein can convert plasminogen to plasmin. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). |
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Definition
| When the coagulation system is activated generally, throughout the body |
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Term
| microangiopathic hemolytic anemia |
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Definition
| multiple small thrombi form throughout the small vessels, resulting in occlusion and ischemia |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue factor is added to the patient’s plasma to trigger the extrinsic pathway, and the time to form a clot is measured |
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Term
| partial thromboplastin time (PTT) |
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Definition
| hospholipid and calcium are added to plasma to trigger the intrinsic pathway, and, again, the time needed to form a clot is determined. This test is good for measuring most clotting factors (except for Factor VII) and can detect deficiencies in Factors VIII and IX (hemophilia) |
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Term
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Definition
| prevent coagulation by binding calcium, which is essential for clot formation, and making it unavailable |
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Term
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Definition
| measured by PTT, quick acting |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| anticoagulant that was developed here at Stony Brook by Dr. Barry Coller. It is an antibody that reacts with surface proteins on platelets and prevents the cells from aggregating |
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