Term
| Name the 3 groups of formed elements in the blood. |
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Definition
-Red blood cells
-White blood cells
-Platelets |
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Term
| When is whole blood transferred to a patient and what does it provide? |
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Definition
| When acute, massive blood loss has taken place. It provides RBCs which carry oxygen and plasma that add volume. |
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Term
| What are Packed Red Blood Cells (PRBCs)? |
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Definition
| A unit of whole blood which has had most of the plasma (70-80%), WBCs, and platelets removed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used for older adults or debilitated patients who need to increase the number of circulating RBCs and to maintain hemoglobin levels. |
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Term
| What is plasma and what is it used for? |
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Definition
| Plasma is the clear portion of the blood that has been separated from the cells with anticoagulant added. It is used in the treatment of clotting factor deficiencies. |
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Term
| What is Clotting Factor Replacement? |
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Definition
| Cyroprecipitate AHF. It is when fresh frozen plasma (FFP) is thawed and the precipitate is recovered. It contains all the clotting factors. |
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Term
| What is Clotting Factor Replacement used for? |
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Definition
| It is used to assist in controlling bleeding in patients with coagulopathies associated with deficits of factors VII, XIII, fibrinogen, and von Willebrand's factor. |
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Term
| What are platelets used for (3)? |
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Definition
-Patients who are actively bleeding and who have a platelet count below 50,000/mm3
-Chemotherapy
-Leukemia |
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Term
| What do granulocytes and when are they used (2)? |
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Definition
-Phagocytes that ingest and destroy pathogens
-Used as a supportive therapy for patients with acquired neutropenia
-Used with patients who have WBC dysfunction from a gram-negative infection that is unresponsive to antibiotics or other treatments. |
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Term
| What are blood substitutes? |
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Definition
| Volume Expanders- Colloid or Crystalloid based |
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Term
| Name 2 Colloid-Based Volume Expanders. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 3 Crystalloid-Based Volume Expanders. |
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Definition
-Ringer's Lactate
-Normal saline (0.9% NaCl)
-5% dextrose in water |
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Term
| What are blood groups based on? |
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Definition
| The presence or absence of various antigens |
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Term
| Where are anitgens located in the blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the blood types? |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood Transfusion Compatibility |
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Definition
Type A can receive from Type A and Type O
Type B can receive from Type B and Type O
Type AB can receive from Type A, B, AB, and O
Type O can receive from Type O |
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Term
| Blood Transfusion Problems (6) |
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Definition
-ABO reactions
-Rh+ and Rh- reactions
-Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)
-Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
-Other components (proteins, preservatives)
-Disease transfusion |
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Term
| What is the cause of Nonhemolytic Febrile Blood Transfusion Reaction? |
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Definition
| Sensitization to donor white blood cells, platelets, or plasma proteins. |
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Term
| What are the manifestations of Nonhemolytic Febrile Blood Transfusion Reaction (5)? |
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Definition
-Sudden chills and fever
-Headache
-Flushing
-Itching
-Urticaria |
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Term
| What is the appropriate response if a Nonhemolytic Febrile Blood Transfusion Reaction occurs while performing a blood transfusion (4)? |
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Definition
-Stop transfusion
-Give antihistamine as directed
-Give antipyretics as prescribed (not aspirin)
-If symptoms are mild and transient, transfusion may restart slowly |
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Term
| What is the cause of Acute Hemolytic Blood Transfusion Reaction? |
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Definition
| Infusion of ABO-incompatible whole blood, RBCs, or components containing 10 ml of RBCs or more |
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Term
| What are the manifestations of Acute Hemolytic Blood Transfusion Reaction (9)? |
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Definition
-Chills
-Fever
-Lower back pain
-Flushing
-Tachycardia
-Tachypnea
-Hypotension
-Cardiac arrest
-Death |
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Term
| What is the appropriate response when an Acute Hemolytic Blood Transfusion Reaction takes place? |
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Definition
| Stop transfusion immediately |
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Term
| What is the cause of Anaphylactic Blood Transfusion Reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the manifestations of an Anaphylactic Blood Transfusion Reaction (6)? |
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Definition
-Anxiety
-Urticaria
-Wheezing
-Cyanosis (blue coloration of skin)
-Shock
-Possible cardiac arrest |
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Term
| What is the appropriate response when an Anaphylactic Blood Transfusion Reaction occurs (3)? |
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Definition
-Have epinephrine ready for injection
-Stop transfusion
-Do not restart transfusion |
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Term
| What is the cause of Circulatory Overload during a blood transfusion? |
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Definition
| The fluid was administered faster than the circulation could accommodate. |
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Term
| What are the manifestations of Circulatory Overload (7)? |
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Definition
-Cough
-Dyspnea (shortness of breath)
-Pulmonary congestion
-Headache
-Hypertension
-Tachycardia (rapid heart rate)
-Distended neck veins |
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