Term
| 4 Main Functions of Blood |
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Definition
1.Transportation
2.Regulation: pH and temp
3.Immunity: nonspecific responses by T and B cells
4.Hemostasis: platelets and clotting |
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Term
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Definition
| pH 7.4, T 100.4, 8% TBW, 5-6L in males, 4-5L in females, 55% plasma, 45% formed elements. |
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Term
| Characteristics of plasma |
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Definition
| 91.5% water. 8.5% solutes, most of which are proteins (albumin, globulin, fibrinogen). 2% nutrients, hormones, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| 55% plasma, 45% cells (hematocrit), 99% RBC, <1% WBCs and platelets |
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Term
| Difference between plasma and serum |
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Definition
| Need anticoagulant to have plasma. |
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Term
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Definition
| monocytes, macrophages, t cell, b cell, plasma cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Eosinophil, neutraphil, basophil |
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Term
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Definition
| macrophages, plasma cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Megacaryoblast- Megacaryocyte- platelets |
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Term
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Definition
| Proerythroblast- reticulocyte (nucleus ejected)- RBC |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced by kidney to produce RBC precursors |
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Term
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Definition
| Thrombopoetin: liver hormone that stimulates platelet production |
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Term
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Definition
| Local hormones produced by bone marrow that stimulate proliferation of other marrow cells |
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Term
| Colony Stimulating Factor |
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Definition
| Stimulate WBC production along with interleukin |
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Term
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Definition
| Main stimulus is hypoxia. Anemia, high altitude. EPO speeds development of proerythroblasts to reticulocytes. Occurs in long bones |
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Term
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Definition
0.5-1.5%. Low count in an anemic person may indicate CA, nutritional deficiency, bone cannot respond to EPO.
High count= recent blood loss or response to iron therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| Globin protein consisting of 4 protein chains. Each protein has a heme portion that contain Fe++ in the center. One hemoglobin molecule can carry 4 oxygen molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| 120 days. Cannot repair because lack of organelles. Old cells removed by macrophages in spleen and liver. Breakdown products recycled |
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Term
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Definition
| Citrate (most common), EDTA, and CPD |
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Term
| Iron from degraded hemoglobin |
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Definition
| Transported in blood by transferrin protein. Stored in liver, muscle, bone marrow, and spleen attached to hemosiderin and ferritin proteins. Used for hemoglobin synthesis in spleen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Biliverdin converted to bilirubin and secreted by liver into bile. Bacteria convert it to urobiligen then stercobilin in large intestine. If absorbed into blood, converted to urobilin and excreted in the urine |
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Term
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Definition
Globin converted to amino acids and recycled.
Heme converted to Fe+++ and biliverdin |
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Term
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Definition
| infants have 14 to 20 g/100mL. adult females have 12 to 16 g/100mL. adult males have 13.5 to 18 g/100mL |
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Term
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Definition
| Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is either normal, increased (macrocytic) or decreased (microcytic). Oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced, fatigue, cold intolerance & paleness, lack of O2 for ATP & heat production |
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Term
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Definition
iron-deficiency =lack of absorption or loss of iron
pernicious = lack of intrinsic factor for B12 absorption
hemorrhagic = loss of RBCs due to bleeding (ulcer)
hemolytic = defects in cell membranes cause rupture
thalassemia = hereditary deficiency of hemoglobin
aplastic = destruction of bone marrow (radiation/toxins)
sickle cell = altered shape and oxygen carrying capacity |
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Term
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Definition
Genetic defect in hemoglobin molecule (Hb-S)
Substitution of valine for glutamic (Beta-globin gene
at low very O2 levels, RBC is deformed by changes in hemoglobin molecule within the RBC. Person with only one sickle cell gene has increased resistance to malaria because RBC membranes leak K+ & lowered levels of K+ kill the parasite infecting the red blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Leukocytes have surface proteins ( as do erythrocytes), called major histocompatibility antigens (MHC), and are unique for each person (except for identical siblings) and can be used to identify a tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
Neutrophils (PMN) and wandering or fixed macrophages (which develop from monocytes) do so through phagocytosis.
60 to 70% of circulating WBCs
Fastest response of all WBC to bacteria
Direct actions against bacteria by release of lysozymes which destroy/digest bacteria by phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
Eosinophils combat the effects of histamine in allergic reactions, phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and combat parasitic worms.
Large granules stain orange-red with acidic dyes
• 2 to 4% of circulating WBCs
Release histaminase
Slows down inflammation caused by basophils |
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Term
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Definition
Basophils develop into mast cells that liberate heparin, histamine and serotonin in allergic reactions that intensify the inflammatory response.
Large, dark purple granules stain with basic dyes
• Less than 1% of circulating WBCs |
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Term
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Definition
| B lymphocytes, in response to the presence of foreign substances called antigens, differentiate into tissue plasma cells that produce antibodies. |
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Term
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Definition
| T lymphocytes destroy foreign invaders directly. attack viruses, fungi, transplanted organs, cancer cells & some bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
Increase in number during viral infections
20 to 25% of circulating WBCs |
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Term
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Definition
attack many different microbes & some tumor cells
destroy foreign invaders by direct attack |
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Term
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Definition
Largest WBC in circulating blood
does not remain in blood long before migrating to the tissues; takes longer to respond but in large numbers
differentiate into macrophages
fixed group found in specific tissues
alveolar macrophages in lungs
kupffer cells in liver
wandering ( once they leave the capillaries) group gathers at sites of infection
• 3 to 8% of the circulating WBCs |
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Term
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Definition
neutrophils 60-70% (up if bacterial infection)
lymphocyte 20-25% (up if viral infection)
monocytes 3 -- 8 % (up if fungal/viral infection)
eosinophil 2 -- 4 % (up if parasite or allergy reaction)
basophil <1% (up if allergy reaction or hypothyroid) |
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Term
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Definition
uncontrolled production of immature leukocytes
crowding out of normal red bone marrow cells by production of immature WBC
prevents production of RBC & platelets |
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Term
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Definition
accumulation of mature WBC in bloodstream because they do not die
classified by type of WBC that is predominant---monocytic, lymphocytic. |
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Term
| 4 steps of clot formation (platelets) |
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Definition
Adhesion ( of platelets to damaged vascular wall ; requires vWF ( factor VIII: vWF)
Activation ( requires factor IIa
Aggregation ( requires ADP & thromboxane A2)
Fibrin production ( requires extrinsic, intrinsic and common pathways coagulation factors) |
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Term
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Definition
| Release thromboxane A2 & ADP activating other (nearby) platelets. Serotonin & thromboxane A2 are vasoconstrictors decreasing blood flow through the injured vessel. Plug reinforced by fibrin threads formed during clotting process |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood clotting involves a cascade of reactions that may be divided into three stages: formation of prothrombinase (prothrombin activator), conversion of prothrombin into thrombin and conversion of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fibrinogen. Made in the liver |
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Term
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Definition
| Prothrombin. Made in the liver. Vitamin K dependent |
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Term
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Definition
| Tissue factor or thromboplastin. From vascular wall, extravascular cell membrane, released from damaged cells. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Proaccelerin made in the liver |
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Term
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Definition
| Proconvertin made in the liver |
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Term
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Definition
| AHF made in the liver and is Vitamin K dependent. |
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Term
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Definition
| von Willinbrand's Factor produced by vascular endothelial cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Christmas factor that is made in the liver and is Vitamin K dependent |
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Term
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Definition
| Christmas factor that is made in the liver and is Vitamin K dependent |
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Term
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Definition
| Stuart- Prower factor that is made in the liver and is Vitamin K dependent |
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Term
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Definition
| Plasma thromboplastin antecedent that is made in the liver |
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Term
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Definition
| Hageman Factor that is produced in the liver |
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Term
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Definition
| Fibrin Stabilizing Factor that's produced in the liver |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced by intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Begining of final common pathway that produces fibrin threads |
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Term
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Definition
| Happens in seconds, activated by thromboplastin that's secreted by damaged tissue. In the presence of calcium, factor X combines with V to form prothrombinase. Coumadin |
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Term
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Definition
| Epithelial damage- platelet activation with release of phospholipids. Occurs in minutes. Heparin |
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Term
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Definition
| TPA, streptokinase, urokinase |
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Term
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Definition
| increased fibrin split products |
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Term
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Definition
| Prothrombinase and Ca++ catalyze the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin in the presence of Ca++ converts fibrinogen to fibrin threads. Activates fibrin stabilizing factor XIII |
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Term
| Factors in the intrinsic pathway |
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Definition
| $12 or $11.98. 12, 11, 9, and 8. |
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Term
| Factors in the extrinsic pathway |
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Definition
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Term
| Factors in the final common pathway |
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Definition
| "you can nickle and dime to get 13 and clot" 1,2,5,10,13. No test that measures the final common pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| Injury to epithelium-inflammation-platelet aggregation-blood stasis-accumulation of clotting factors. May dislodge spontaneously or travel |
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Term
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Definition
| blocks production of thromboxane A-2 and prevents inappropriate clot formation |
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Term
| Factor that influences clot solubility. |
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Definition
| Clot is water soluble until transformation by factor XIII that makes it insoluble and stable |
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Term
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Definition
| Most common coagulation defect. Normal platelet count and clot retraction. Endothelial cells cannot produce sufficient factor VIII:vWF. First line of treatment is DDAVP, then cryoprecipitate (I,VIII,XIII), then factor VIII |
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Term
| Name 2 plasmin inhibitors |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Most common form. Present in males only. Lacks factor VIII:C |
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Term
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Definition
| Lacks factor IX. Present in males only |
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Term
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Definition
| less severe because alternate clotting pathways exist. Occurs in male and females |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Increasing 02 carrying capacity is the only clinical indication. Platelets nonfunctional after 1-2d of PRBC storage.1 unit PRBC will increase hct 3/4% |
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Term
| Definition of massive transfusion |
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Definition
| Replacement of complete blood volume in 24 hrs |
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Term
| What differentiates leukocytes from leukotrines? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inhibit conversion of archidonic acid to cycloendoperioxides. Causes inhibition of thromboxanes (platelets), prostacyclin (endothelium), and prostaglandins (smooth muscle) |
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Term
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Definition
Causes acetylation of cyclooxygenase, the rate limiting step in the conversion of arachidonic acid to thromboxane A2.
Acetylation persists for the life of the platelet ( 5-9 d)
Without thromboxane A2, platelet aggregation is impaired. |
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Term
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Definition
| Same effect as ASA but temporary ( 24-48 H). Ticlid/ Plavix/ Persantine : inhibits ADP induced platelet aggregation ( discontinue at least 14 d) |
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Term
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Definition
| Anti-fibrinogen receptor. Prevents fibrinogen receptor attachment of fibrinogen resulting to absence of linking and absence of aggregation: Integrillin ( dc 24 h before sx); ReoPro ( dc 72 h before ); Aggrastat ( dc 24 h before ) |
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Term
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Definition
| increases anti-thrombin III activity up to 10T times. Hence, factors IIa & Xa are inhibited.Antithrombin III also affects 9, 11, and 12 in a lesser capacity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Combines electrostatically with heparin by neutralization. Acid/base reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Antagonist to the Vit K receptor in the liver, thus depressing production of Vit K dependent factors |
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Term
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Definition
| Direct thrombin inhibitor that is used as a heparin alternative in HIT |
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Term
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Definition
Bleeding time: 3-10mins
PT: 12-14s
PTT: 25-35s
TT:<30s
ACT: 80-150s (a little high?)
Fibrinogen: >150mg/dl |
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Term
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Definition
Dissolves clot by digesting fibrin, inactivates prothrombin, fibrinogen, factors 5, 8 and 12
Generated from plasminogen by tPA or uPA |
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Term
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Definition
| low platelets,fibrinogen, and prothrombin. Increased fibrin split products |
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Term
| Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn |
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Definition
| Mom Rh- and baby Rh+. Mother will develop RH antibodies unless she gets rhogam after first delivery, miscarriage, or abortion. 2nd RH+ child at risk of hemolysis. |
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