Term
| What does blood consist of? |
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Definition
| Formed elements [Cells & Cell fragments (platelets)] |
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Term
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Definition
| Plasma MINUS the clotting agents |
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Term
| Centrifuged break down of blood: |
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Definition
Upper: 54 % Plasma
Middle: 1% WBC + platelets "Buffy Coat"
Lower: 45% RBC |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
1. Transport of nutrients, gases, metabolic heat, hormones and waste
2.Homeostasis (regulation of extravascular fluid volume, pH, body temp, protection against infix, and protection against blood loss) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How many polypeptide chains are complexed to an Fe within hemoglobin? |
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Definition
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Term
| When heme combines with O2, CO2 or CO it is called: |
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Definition
1.
2. Carbaminohemoglobin
3. Carboxyhemoglobin |
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Term
| Do the RBC use energy to maintain their shape? |
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Definition
| Yes, ATP via anaerobic glycolysis |
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Term
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Definition
| When RBC are in a hypertonic solution, they lose water and undergo this structural change |
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Term
| What happens when RBC cells are in a hypotonic solution? |
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Definition
| hemolysis occurs (hemoglobin dissolves out of cell and leaves empty shell) |
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Term
| When do RBC loose their nuclei? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is hemoglobin broken down into? |
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Definition
Heme --> ferritin & bilirubin
Globin --> AA componenets
Ferritin --> sent to marrow to reutilize
Bilirubin --> picked up by liver and excreted into bile |
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Term
| Where is the main fxn of WBC performed? |
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Definition
| CT, cells leave vascular spaces by diapedesis |
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Term
| What are the 3 granulocyte cells? |
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Definition
| Neutrophils, Eosinophils, & Basophils |
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Term
| These are rich in acid phosphatase and peroxidase. Found in all 3 granular cells. |
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Definition
| Azurophilic, primary, or non-specific granules |
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Term
| Contain substance particular to cell type, follow the production of the primary... |
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Definition
| secondary granules or specific |
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Term
| What percent of circulating leukocytes do neutrophils comprise? |
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Definition
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Term
Main fxn of a neutrophil:
Nucleus shape
Primary granules contain...
Secondary granules DO.DONOT stain |
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Definition
destroy invading microbes
nucleus has 2-5 lobes connected by chromatin
myeloperoxidase
DO NOT |
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Term
T/F
Neutrophils metabolize leukotrienes which aid in the inflammatory process? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| accumulation of tissue fluid, dead neutrophils (die after killing bact) and bacteria |
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Term
| Main fxn of eosinophil and nucleus? |
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Definition
| destroy parasites and hydrolyze Ag-Ab complexes, bi-lobed |
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Term
| Refractile under LM and stain pink in Wright's stain. Uniform in size, contain aryl sulfates and histamines (for killing parasites) |
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Definition
| Specific granules of eosinophils |
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Term
| Nucleus obscured by dark specific granules |
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Definition
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Term
| Histamine and Leukotrienes (SRS) play a role in dilation of small blood vessels and increase in the permeability f capillaries |
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Definition
| Basophilic enzymes in the specific granules. |
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Term
| Do agranular cells contain azurophilic granules? |
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Definition
| Yes, not specific granules |
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Term
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Definition
| large, freq indented and has chromatin that is not as dense as other leukocytes |
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Term
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Definition
1. phagocytose debris, Ag material, and foreign matter such as bact
2. MP fuse w/ other MP to = foreign body giant cells to allow for phagocytosis of large material
3. secrete cytokines that activate inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| From looking at the granules present in the cytoplasm of platelets, what do we think the fxn of platelets is related to? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are platelets activated? |
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Definition
| upon contacting the subendothelial collagen (due to damage of the blood vessel) |
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Term
T/F
Seratonin causes vasoconstriction which further helps to reduce blood loss? |
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Definition
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Term
| When does BM (bone marrow) originate? |
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Definition
second month of intrauterine life within the clavicles (1st bone to ossify)
in the 3rd month its found within other bones
**accounts for 3.5-5.9% of body weight |
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Term
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Definition
1. Hematopoiesis
2. Hematoclasia (destruction of imperfect, aged or damaged cells)
3. immunological
4. osseous (continual remodeling of bone) |
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Term
T/F
Red marrow is due to fat cells and has very little hematopoiesis in it? |
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Definition
FALSE
Red marrow is red in color and indicates active hematopoiesis (the previous is "yellow marrow") |
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Term
| When does fat appear in the shafts of long bones? |
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Definition
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Term
| In neonates, the marrow in all bones is: |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the predominant vascular element in the marrow? |
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Definition
| Sinusoids, single layer of endothelial cells w/ basement membrane, walls of sinusoid freq crossed by cells in transit |
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Term
| Hemopoietic compartment of BM is located... |
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Definition
| between the sinusoids and contains cells of Hemopoietic lineage and CT cells |
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Term
Location in BM:
Megakaryocytes
Erythrocytes
Granulocytes |
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Definition
~ mostly against outer wall of sinusoids to allow ready access of platelets to circulation
~early: near sinusoids, late: against walls of sinusoids
~ early: furthest from sinusoids late: against wall of sinusoids |
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Term
| What happens in the mesoblastic phase of hemopoiesis? |
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Definition
| in yolk sac 2 wk after fertilization, mesenchymal cells form blood islands (outer turn into vessel wall and inner develop into nucleated erythrocytes) |
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Term
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Definition
| mesoblastic-->hepatic (6th wk of gestation, 8wks leukocytes begin prdxn)-->splenic phase (during 2nd trimester) --> myeloid phase (in BM at end of 2nd trimester) |
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Term
| What is it called when the spleen and liver are involve din hemopoiesis after birth? |
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Definition
| extramedullary hemopoesis |
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Term
| Pleuripotential Hemopoietic Stem Cells give rise to: |
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Definition
1. Colony Forming Unit-SPleen
2. Colony Forming Unit-Lymphocyte (CFU-L) |
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Term
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Definition
| erythrocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, and megakaryocytes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| When looking at development of blood cells, see certain characteristics: |
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Definition
Cell Size: big to small (early to mature)
Cytoplasmic color: blue to lighter
Chromatin Pattern: finely to clumped
Nucleoli: present to absent
Nuclear morphology: large with fine chromatin to dense chromatin (pycnotic) and lobular |
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Term
| What resides in the medullary reserve within neutrophil kinetics? |
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Definition
| fully or almost fully developed cells waiting for signal to enter circulation (usually segmented cells go into circulation, sometimes band cells might) |
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Term
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Definition
| proerythroblasts (undergo mitosis)--> basophilic erythroblasts (nucleoli absent & undergo mitosis) --> polychromatophilic erythrobasts (denser nucleus & gray cytoplasm and undergo mitosis (LAST))--> orthochromatophilic erythroblast (cytoplasm pink, nucleus moves form central to eccentric, and then nucleus is extruded) --> reticulocyte (nucleus now lost, now 1% of the circulating RBC are reticulocytes, no central halo b.c not biconcave yet) -->erythrocyte (after 24 hrs, biconcave, and no RNA) |
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Term
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Definition
| myeloblast (cannot discern which type of cell it will turn into, nucleus not centrally located, chromatin fine, 1-3 nucleoli, undergo mitosis)-->promyelocyte (primary or azurophilic granules in the basophilic cytoplasm, same nucleoli and chromatin as before, undergoes mitosis)-->myelocyte (production of specific granules what tell us what type of cell it will be, chromatin coarse, nucleoli absent, undergo mitoses (LAST))--> metamyelocyte (nucleus elongated, chromatin same--> band cell (elongated nuclei that assume shape of horseshoe) --> mature granulocyte (nucleus segmented, develop 2-4 lobes) |
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Term
| 3 classifications of lymph tissue: |
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Definition
1. Diffuse
2. Nodular
3. Organs |
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Term
| What are the partially encapsulated (CT) and totally encapsulate lymph organs? |
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Definition
Partially: tonsils (all 3)
Totally: Lymph nodes and spleen (lymphocytes become activated to form cells that either produce Ab or CMI) |
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Term
| Location of diffuse and nodular lymph tissue? |
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Definition
| widely scattered in the loose CT under epithelium of the digestive, respiratory & urinary systems |
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Term
| Only present before birth, entirely small lymphocytes, noodles are dark and blue in color: |
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Definition
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Term
T/F
Secondary Nodules appear before birth and do NOT have a germinal center |
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Definition
FALSE
They appear AFTER birth and have germinal centers in center of nodule with B cells, plasma, MP, reticular cells, and some T cells... |
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Term
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Definition
| undiff lymphoid Stem Cells (orig in BM)--> move to thymus (t cells) or Bursa equiv tissue (Be cells GALT, MALT, BALT)-->move to diffuse and nodular tissue as well as organs |
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Term
| Overlying epithelium of lingual & palatine tonsils: |
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Definition
| stratified squamous (non keratinized) which dips into underlying tissue = 10-20 pits, primary crypts (for lingual, dips down not as far) |
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Term
| location of lingual tonsils |
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Definition
| lamina propria at the root of the tongue |
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Term
| Ducts at bottom of crypts help to keep it debris free |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Unpaired, post wall of nasopharynx, covered with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, adenoids when enlarged, dips into folds not crypts, can have removal if infected enough |
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Term
| 5 locations of lymph nodes |
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Definition
Can
I
Punch
An
Ab?
Cervical, Inguinal, Pulmonary, Axillary, Abdominal |
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Term
| Cortex of lymph nodes contains: |
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Definition
| lymphatic nodules embedded in diffuse lymphatic tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| Subscapular, peritrabecular, medullary |
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Term
| Arteries of LN and Veins of LN |
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Definition
arteries at hilus--> arterioles at cortex-->capillaries
capillaries--> viens at cortex and leave at hilus |
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Term
|
Definition
| percolate, penetrate capsule, enter at convex |
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Term
| What exits at the hilus of LN's? |
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Definition
| Efferent lymph vessels (fast route of exit for lymph flow) |
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Term
| Where is heme broken down into ferretin and bilirubin? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Diff b/w red pulp and white pulp of spleen? |
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Definition
| white has lymph tissue and red has sinuses and cords of lymph tissue |
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Term
| What is stroma and what are the assoc cells? |
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Definition
| reticular fibers and MP and reticular cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| splenic arteries (enter capsule) -->trabecular arteries (travel in the trabeculae)-->central AA (enter white pulp)-->pulp AA (enter red pulp, no adeventitia)-->sheathed AA (wall is single layer of epith and surrounded by MP)-->terminal capillaries (empty into venues & splice sinuses-->empty into venules-->into splenic VV |
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Term
|
Definition
My
Mother
Loves
People
Eating
Granola
Monocytes, Macrophages, Lymphocytes, Plasma cells, Erythrocytes, Granular leukocytes |
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Term
| Size of thymus at birth & puberty? |
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Definition
| 10-15 grams at birth, 30-40 at puberty |
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Term
| Where are stem lymphocytes first formed? |
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Definition
| BM and then move to thymus |
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Term
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Definition
| Lobes->lobules->Parenchyma (cortex & medulla)->Stroma (no CT, secretes thymosin, non-phagocytic)->Hassal's corpuscles->circulation |
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Term
| Which AA pass through the corticomedullary jxn of the thymus? |
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Definition
| Int Thoracic and inf thyroid AA and terminate in the medullary venules |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the blood-thymic barrier? |
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Definition
| prevent small lymphocytes in cortex from being sensitized by Ag that could escape from cortical capillaries |
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Term
|
Definition
| Capillary endothelium (tight jxn) Mjr Comp -> MP in perivascular space outside endothelium -> epithelioreticular cells with tight jxn (MJR Comp) |
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Term
| What does the Barr Body commonly represent? |
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Definition
| a bit of chromatin coming off of a neutrophil, representing an inactive X chromosome in women |
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