Term
|
Definition
| Blood lacks A or B agglutinogens |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzymes that can digest fibrin and dissolve a clot |
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Term
|
Definition
| Coagulation leads to conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin |
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Term
|
Definition
| Fluid closest to (in composition) plasma |
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Term
| Pernicious Anemia Etiology |
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Definition
| Lack of intrinsic factor (IF); IF is required for the absorption of Vit B12 which is needed to produce mature RBCs |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Excessive amounts of bilirubin in the plasma
2. Destruction of hemoglobin
3. Extensive break down of RBCs |
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Term
| Treatment for pernicious anemia |
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Definition
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Term
| Effect of inability to absorb Vit K |
|
Definition
1. low levels of prothrombin
2. low levels of Factor X
3. Prolonged bleeding
4. Low levels of thromboplastin |
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Term
|
Definition
F: 4.3 - 5.2 million/microliter
M: 5.1 - 5.8 million/ microliter |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Effect of lacking a functional Factor VIII |
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Definition
| Hemophilia A; results in lacking a functional intrinsic pathway |
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Term
|
Definition
Produced by liver
Consists of heme molecules plus iron |
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Term
| Site for erythropoiesis (in adult) |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Specific glycoproteins on cell membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
Cytoplasmic fragments of large cells (megakaryocyte)
Stored in spleen and other vascular organs (in case of hemorrhage) |
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Term
|
Definition
WBC; spend most of their time in lymphoid tissue
Have relative long life spans
Are produced and stored in:
Lymphoid nodules, the spleen, lumph node organs, and the thymus |
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Term
| Formed elements of whole blood |
|
Definition
Makes up 45% of whole blood
Generally RBCs, includes WBCs and platelets |
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Term
|
Definition
Withdrawal of blood from an artery
Generally used for blood gas determination |
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Term
| Lymphocyte response to an antigen |
|
Definition
| The antigen MUST bind to specific receptors on the lymphocyte surface |
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Term
|
Definition
| Process of RBC production |
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Term
|
Definition
| Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide (gases) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Granular leukocyte; active in fighting bacterial infections; phagocytic; known as polymorphonuclear leukocytes, most numerous WBC in circulation |
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Term
|
Definition
| Plasma protein essential for coagulation |
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Term
|
Definition
| Activated by the activation of Factor VII exposed to a collagen |
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Term
|
Definition
| Initiated by the release of tissue factor (Factor III) by damaged endothelium |
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Term
|
Definition
Liquid portion of whole blood (55%)
Made mostly of water (92%)
Higher concentration of proteins than interstitial fluid |
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Term
|
Definition
| Large phagocytic WBCs; spend most of their time outside the blood as fixed or free phagocytic cells, largest WBC |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Forms platelet fragments, giant multinucleated cell in bone marrow |
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Term
| Changes in blood due to altitude (Low >high) |
|
Definition
1. drop in blood oxygen levels
2. release of erythropoietin |
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|
Term
| Characteristic of whole blood |
|
Definition
1. pH 7.35 - 7.45
2. temperature approx. 38 degrees C
3. deep red color d/t hemoglobin
4. MORE viscous than water
5. Average lifespan 120 days/ 4 months |
|
|
Term
| Stimulants for erythropoiesis |
|
Definition
| blood oxygen levels decrease and blood flow to the kidneys decreases |
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Term
|
Definition
1. form a temporary clump in injured areas
2. initiate the clotting process
3. release chemicals that stimulate clotting (chemotaxis)
4. contract after clot formation |
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Term
|
Definition
| Essential for the formation of clots |
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Term
|
Definition
| Withdrawal of blood from a superficial vein for blood analysis |
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Term
|
Definition
| Anti-A agglutinins on the RBC |
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Term
|
Definition
| Composed of 55% plasma and 45% formed elements |
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Term
|
Definition
| Release histamines at the site of the injury |
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Term
|
Definition
Composed of:
1. dead neutrophils
2. tissue fluids
3. cellular debris |
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Term
|
Definition
| Granules stain orange -red , respond to parasitic infections and in allergic reactions |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| A process that dissolves clots |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Hemolytic Disease of Newborn |
|
Definition
Results if:
Rh negative mother carries an Rh positive fetus (after the 1st Rh positive child) |
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Term
|
Definition
| A gene for adult hemoglobin is abnormal |
|
|
Term
Component of Hemoglobin
molecule |
|
Definition
Four iron atoms
Heme pigment
Globin protein |
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Term
|
Definition
| Anemia caused by a nutritional deficiency or lack of intrinsic factor (pernicious anemia) |
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Term
|
Definition
| % fraction of formed elements relative to whole blood |
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|
Term
| Removal of degraded hemoglobin |
|
Definition
| MOST is excreted by the intestines |
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|
Term
| Physical barriers to infection |
|
Definition
1. Epithelium (unbroken skin)
2. body hair
3. basement membranes
4. secretions |
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Term
| Naturally Acquired ACTIVE Immunity |
|
Definition
| Results from exposure to an antigen in the environment |
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Term
| Naturally Acquired PASSIVE Immunity |
|
Definition
| Results from antibodies that cross the placenta from the mother to the fetus (IgG) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inhibit T and B cell activities |
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|
Term
| Body Nonspecific Defenses |
|
Definition
1. interferon
2. inflammation
3. skin
4. complement |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inappropriate or excessive immune responses |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells
2. Directly responsible for cellular immunity |
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Term
|
Definition
| Activated (triggered) when mast cells release histamine and heparin |
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Term
|
Definition
| Body receives antibodies produced by other humans or an animal |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Enhance nonspecific defenses
2. Enhance production of memory & cytotoxic T cells
3. Attract & stimulate NK cells
4. Trigger B-cell division, plasma cell maturation, & antibody production
Help regulate the immune response |
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|
Term
| Naturally Acquired passive Immunity |
|
Definition
| Immunity that results from antibodies passed from the placenta to the fetus |
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Term
|
Definition
Defends against bacterial cell, viruses, & toxins
Activates complement, Crosses placenta; MOST abundant Ig
Primarily found in saliva and tears |
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Term
|
Definition
| Primarily found in glandular secretions- saliva and tears |
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Term
|
Definition
| Formed by 5 subunits; first antibodies to be produced in response to infection. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Found on B cell surface; may activate antibody production |
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Term
|
Definition
| Attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils |
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| Steps in cell-mediated immune response |
|
Definition
1. Antigen engulfed and presented by a macrophage
2. T cells w/ specific receptors recognize antigen
3. Several cycles of mitosis occur
4. T cells differentiate into cytotoxic Tcells or memory T cells
5.Cytotoxic T cells migrate to the infection
6. Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and/or lymphotoxin |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Genetically determined & present at birth |
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Term
|
Definition
| Plasma protein essential in body defense |
|
|
Term
| Binding of antigen to an antibody |
|
Definition
Results in:
1. agglutination or precipitation
2. complement activation and opsonization
3. neutralization of the antigen |
|
|
Term
| Secondary response of humoral immunity |
|
Definition
1. produces more effective antibodies
2. Depends on memory B cells
3. Results in higher antibody titers
4. Results in much quicker rise in antibody titers |
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|
Term
| Antigen-presenting cells role in immunity |
|
Definition
1. display antigen fragments
2. process antigens
3. Produce antibodies |
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|
Term
| Hormones of the immune system |
|
Definition
1, interleukin
2. thymosins
3. natriuretic factor
4. interferons |
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Term
|
Definition
| First line of cellular defense against pathogens |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Provides defense of the body against a particular pathogen |
|
|
Term
| Effects of activating the complement system |
|
Definition
1.opsonization
2. Destruction of target cell plasma membranes
3. Chemotaxis
4. stimulation of inflammation |
|
|
Term
| NK cells (Natural Killer) |
|
Definition
| Perform immunological surveillance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1,. Antibody levels DO NOT peak until 1 - 2 weeks after initial exposure
2. Ig M are the first Ig to appear
3. B cells undergo several round sof mitosis prior to producing plasma cells and memory cells
4. B cells may differentiate into plasma cells immediately |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Triggered when mast cells release histamine and heparin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobulins |
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