Term
These cells have the special capacity of being "Self renewable."
"___________ __________ cells" |
|
Definition
Pluripotent stem cells
CP physio 377 |
|
|
Term
The typical RBC to WBC ratio is:
a. 500:1
b. 100:1
c. 1000:1
d. 2000:1 |
|
Definition
| c. 1000:1 in a normal range for a patient |
|
|
Term
| Megakaryocytes are positioned next to sinusoids for what purpose? |
|
Definition
| So that their cells they produce can quickly be dumped into the blood stream. |
|
|
Term
Serum is:
a. Plasma with clotting factors
b. Plasma without clotting factors
c. Plasma with Heparin in it |
|
Definition
| b. Plasma without clotting factors |
|
|
Term
| What are the three main functions/purposes of blood? |
|
Definition
a. Transportation
b. protection
c. Regulation of temperature
CP 376 physio |
|
|
Term
The differentiation of Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils, and Mast Cells is stimulated by what?
a. Intrinsic growth factor
b. Human chorionic gonadotropin
c. colony stimulating factor
d. osteoprotegrin |
|
Definition
c. Colony stimulating factor
CP page 377 physio |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between thrombopoietin and erythropoietin? |
|
Definition
thrombopoietin - stimulates platelet formation
Eryhtropoiesis- stimulates RBC formation
Both come from Megakaryocyte!
CP page 377 PHysio |
|
|
Term
| What is the most preferred place to do a bone marrow withdrawal? |
|
Definition
The PSIS, according to the professor.
CP stated on page 377. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following fall into the category of Granulocyte?
a. monocytes
b. lymphocytes
c. Mast Cell
d. Eosinophil
e. C & D only
f. A & B only |
|
Definition
e. C and D only...
Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils, and Mast cells were the ones that she specifically mentioned in lecture. |
|
|
Term
Methylene blue is a (acid)/(base) and stains (acidic)/(basic) cellular components (blue)/(pink).
Pick which one out of each of the above pairs is true. |
|
Definition
base
that stains acidic cell components
blue or purple.
CP page 378 PHysio |
|
|
Term
| What four characteristics do you use to differentiate maturing erythrocytes? |
|
Definition
Size,
Nucleus shape (or presence/absence)
Granules
Color of the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
What four criteria can you use to distinguish between leukocytes?
a. Relative __________
b. presence or absence of _____________
c. Cell _________
d. ____________ morphology/shape |
|
Definition
Relative ABUNDANCE
presence or absence of GRANULES
cell SIZE
NUCLEUS morphology
CP page 379 physio |
|
|
Term
| I am the most numerous granulocyte in the body: I have a 3-4 lobed nucleus, and my granules function as lysozymes. What am I? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| I am the least numerous granulocyte in the body, and my blue/black granules give me the appearance of having a ruffled border. I help Eosinophils respond to allergies, and I am responsible for histamine release. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| My nucleus has a distinctive horseshoe shape. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the three types of granules in leukocytes: |
|
Definition
Azurophilic granules; aka primary granules: facilitate 'the respiratory burst' and help with reactive oxygen species
Specific granules; aka secondary granules: digest bacteria
Tertiary granules; aka matrix metalloproteases - degrade collagen to facilitate movement |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Leukocytes are active and productive all the way throughout their development. |
|
Definition
| False. They are only productive once they have matured/differentiated. Their precursors are not functional. |
|
|
Term
Anemia is the ________ of oxygen transport to tissues... This is from decreased HCT, or decreased Hb levels:
What are two possible causes of low HCT and Hb? |
|
Definition
Lack of mature RBC's (Hemorrhage, hemolysis, low production)
or
Insufficient Hb (iron deficiency, hemoglobinopathies, or low production)
CP physio page 381 |
|
|
Term
Iron deficiency:
cells that can indicate this condition are
___________(lighter in color)
&
______________(very small RBC's) |
|
Definition
Hypochromic and microcytic
This doesn't carry O2 as efficiently, and shows a low MCV.
Cp page 381 |
|
|
Term
Dx: _____________ anemia:
The patient's Hematocrit appears normal, as larger cells are able to take up more volume, but they have oval macrocytes, and hypersegmented (more lobes) neutrophils in their blood.
Their bone marrow also shows ___________(immature RBC's that have a nucleus.) |
|
Definition
Megaloblastic anemia
Megaloblasts
CP page 381 |
|
|
Term
Which one of these is due to an abnormality at the philadelphia chromosome?
Acute Monocytic leukemia
or
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Which one is most treatable? |
|
Definition
Chronic Myeloid - chromosome
Acute Lymphocytic - is most treatable
CP page 382 |
|
|
Term
| ________ _____________ __________ is a common form of childhood cancer that shows an increased number of immature monocytes in the blood. |
|
Definition
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
CP page 382 |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between heme iron and non-heme? |
|
Definition
heme iron must be ingested from our diet (animal sources provide easily absorbable)
non-heme iron are not readily absorbed/ beans, peas, spinach, kale, etc |
|
|
Term
| what are the two forms of iron? |
|
Definition
Fe 2+ (ferrous)
Fe 3+ (ferric) |
|
|
Term
| What form of iron is more readily absorbed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can we increase the absorption of Fe 3+? |
|
Definition
simultaneously ingest vitamin C
reduces Fe3+ to Fe2+ |
|
|
Term
| What cells contain storage granules of Fe? |
|
Definition
| Mucosal cells from the gut |
|
|
Term
| an iron storage complex, found in cells- does not circulate in the blood |
|
Definition
| hemosiderin/ long term storage |
|
|
Term
| hemosiderin is made of what? |
|
Definition
| appears to be a complex of ferritin, denatured ferritin and protein (24 sub units), polysaccharides, and others. The iron within deposits of hemosiderin is very poorly available to supply iron when needed. |
|
|
Term
| How does free Fe travel in blood? |
|
Definition
| Free Fe is very toxic and very little is in the blood |
|
|
Term
| an protein that can bind many atoms of iron per molecule to form ferritin, produced in intestinal mucosa, oxidizes the iron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a glycoprotein that binds and transports iron; most is produced in the liver and used in the blood, transports iron to receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of Fe associated with transferrin |
|
Definition
| It decreases toxicity and directs Fe to tissues/cells with transferrin receptors, also note that it is in the form of Fe3+ when it is bound |
|
|
Term
| How does the Fe get into a cell? |
|
Definition
| Transferin and its receptor are endocytosed as vesicle, it gets acidified and Fe3+ is released and then the transferrin and receptor are recycled to the cell surface and iron is converted back to Fe 2+ |
|
|
Term
| where does endocytyosed iron go? |
|
Definition
1- incorporated into heme
2- incorporated into non-heme
3- stored as Fe 3+ |
|
|
Term
| sequence of nucleotides on TfR mRNA that form "stem loop" structures |
|
Definition
| Iron Responsive Element (IRE) |
|
|
Term
| binds to IRE in the absence of FE |
|
Definition
| Iron Responsive Protein (IRP) |
|
|
Term
| How do cells know if they need more iron or not? |
|
Definition
| by intereactions between IRE and IRP |
|
|
Term
| What do IRPs (Iron responsive proteins) bind to? |
|
Definition
If HIGH iron, they will bind to iron
If LOW iron, they will bind to IRE's (Iron responsive elements), protecting them from mRNA degradation |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of a IRP binding to an IRE? |
|
Definition
It protects it from mRNA degradation by ribonucleases which will lead to the translation of the TfR mR
NA. hence making TfR (transferrin receptors) to take up more Fe |
|
|
Term
| 70% of total body iron is stored in? |
|
Definition
| Hb (hemoglobin), much of the rest is in ferritin stores |
|
|
Term
| Where do you find ferritin in the body? |
|
Definition
| mostly intracellular, but we also find low levels in serum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) is a medical laboratory test that measures the blood's capacity to bind iron with transferrin.[1] It is performed by drawing blood and measuring the maximum amount of iron that it can carry (Fe must first be released and then Tf is saturated), which indirectly measures transferrin[2] since transferrin is the most dynamic carrier. TIBC is less expensive than a direct measurement of transferrin.[3][4]
The TIBC should not be confused with the UIBC, or "unsaturated iron binding capacity" (22753-8 and 35216-1). The UIBC is calculated by subtracting the serum iron from the TIBC.[5] |
|
|
Term
| How can you measure the amount of iron in the body? |
|
Definition
CBC, HCT, RBC
Hb, ferritin levels
Plasma Fe
measure Total Iron Binding Capacity |
|
|
Term
| What could excess Fe be a sign of? |
|
Definition
| hemochromatosis, hemosiderosis, hemolytic disease, pernicious anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two types of iron deficiency anemia |
|
Definition
microcytic anemia
hypochromic anemia |
|
|
Term
| RBCs are underpigmented as a result of low Hb and Fe. What is it called and what do they exhibit? |
|
Definition
| Hypochromic anemia- central dome of palor |
|
|
Term
| decreased RBC size and low hematocrit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two mechanisms of hemochromatosis |
|
Definition
genetic defect- inability to metabolize, so absorbed by intestinal cells, transported in blood and accumulates in kidney, liver, joints
Hemosiderosis- caused by multiple blood transfusions (common in Cooley's anemia Hb beta chain deficiency), patient cannot excrete excess iron |
|
|
Term
| side effects of iron overdose |
|
Definition
| cirrhosis of liver, hepatitis A, liver failure, cancer, death |
|
|
Term
| genetically inherited disorder resulting in problems with heme production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
From the polychromatophilic erythroblast stage to the mature erythrocyte stage, the cytoplasm of the cell becomes progressively more eosinophilic. Which organelle or component of the cytoplasm is responsible for this eosinophilia?
Mitochondria
smooth ER
Ribosomes
Hemoglobin
specific granules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
During granulopoiesis, precursors undergo changes in both their nucleus and their cytoplasm.
_______________: Nucleus is slightly indented (kidney-shaped).
_____________: Cells have azurophilic granules, but not specific granules.
Cell size is greatest in this stage. |
|
Definition
metamyelocyte: indented
promyelocyte: greatest size, azurophilic |
|
|
