Term
T/F:
The Rh Blood Group System is a highly complex and polymorphic system |
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Definition
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Term
List in order of importance the following:
ABO system
Rh Blood Group System? |
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Definition
ABO system
Rh Blood Group System |
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Term
| Which 5 principal antigens & their antibodies do we focus on in the Rh Blood Group System? |
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Definition
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Term
| Of the Rh antigens, which is the most important? |
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Definition
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Term
| How antigenic is the D antigen? |
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Definition
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Term
| The D antigen is a major concern for both ___ ____ and ___ ___ ___ ___ _____ |
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Definition
Blood Transfusions
Hemolytic Disease of the newborn |
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Term
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Definition
IgM
Bacterial or pollen ingestion; A & B specificity |
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Term
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Definition
IgG
Immunization due to pregnancy or transfusions |
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Term
| What is the optimal temperature for ABO? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the optimal temperature for Rh? |
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Definition
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Term
| How would you describe the Antibodies associated with ABO? |
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Definition
| ABYs present under normal conditions |
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Term
| How would you describe the Antibodies associated with Rh? |
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Definition
| ABYs must have been formed previously |
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Term
| The most widely accepted theory on the inheritance of Rh AGN describes two closely linked genes (loci) on what chromosome? |
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Definition
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Term
| The most widely accepted theory on the inheritance of Rh AGN describes two closely linked genes (loci) on the same chromosome. Name these two genes. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Determines the D antigen expression on RBC membrane |
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Term
True or False:
D-Negative individuals have no genetic material at the RHD site |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Determines C, c, E, and e antigens |
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Term
| What are the alleles of RHCE |
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Definition
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Term
What is the gene frequency of the following Rh Antigen:
D |
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Definition
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Term
What is the gene frequency of the following Rh Antigen:
d (dimorphic or nonexistent) |
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Definition
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Term
What is the gene frequency of the following Rh Antigen:
C |
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Definition
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Term
What is the gene frequency of the following Rh Antigen:
E |
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Definition
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Term
What is the gene frequency of the following Rh Antigen:
c |
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Definition
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Term
What is the gene frequency of the following Rh Antigen:
e |
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Definition
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Term
| Of the Rh Antigens which are co-dominant alleles? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An absence of the D antigen |
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Term
| Is D a dominant allele or a co-dominant allele? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 Rh Terminologies? |
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Definition
Fisher-Race
Wiener
Rosenfield
International Society of Blood Transfusion |
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Term
What type of terminology is the following:
Fisher-Race |
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Definition
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Term
What type of terminology is the following:
Wiener |
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Definition
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Term
What type of terminology is the following:
Rosenfield |
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Definition
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Term
What type of terminology is the following:
ISBT |
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Definition
Standardized Numeric Terminology
(numeric system only) |
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Term
| How many alleles exist at the Rh gene locus for the Wiener Terminology? |
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Definition
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Term
Translation of Wiener to Fisher-Race:
R = |
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Definition
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Term
Translation of Wiener to Fisher-Race:
r = |
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Definition
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Term
Translation of Wiener to Fisher-Race:
1 & ' = |
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Definition
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Term
Translation of Wiener to Fisher-Race:
2 and '' = |
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Definition
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Term
Translate the following:
R1 |
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Definition
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Term
Translate the following Wiener to F-R:
R2 |
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Definition
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Term
Translate the following Wiener to F-R:
R0 |
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Definition
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Term
Translate the following Wiener to F-R:
Rz |
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Definition
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Term
Translate the following Wiener to F-R:
r |
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Definition
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Term
Translate the following Wiener to F-R:
r' |
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Definition
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Term
Translate the following Wiener to F-R:
r'' |
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Definition
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Term
Translate the following Wiener to F-R:
ry |
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Definition
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Term
Given Fisher-Race Translate to Wiener:
DCe/dce |
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Definition
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Term
Given Fisher-Race Translate to Wiener:
DCe/DCe |
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Definition
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Term
Given Fisher-Race Translate to Wiener:
ce/ce |
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Definition
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Term
Given Fisher-Race Translate to Wiener:
DCe/DcE |
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Definition
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Term
Given Fisher-Race Translate to Wiener:
DcE/dce |
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Definition
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Term
Given Fisher-Race Translate to Wiener:
dCe/dce |
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Definition
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Term
Given Fisher-Race Translate to Wiener:
DCE/DCE |
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Definition
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Term
Given Fisher-Race Translate to Wiener:
CE/CE |
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Definition
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Term
| Does the Rosenfield Terminology address gene inheritance? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the proper serologic findings for the following:
D |
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Definition
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Term
What is the proper serologic findings for the following:
C |
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Definition
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Term
What is the proper serologic findings for the following:
E |
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Definition
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Term
What is the proper serologic findings for the following:
c |
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Definition
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Term
What is the proper serologic findings for the following:
e |
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Definition
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Term
When given the following translate into Rosenfield Terminology:
D+, C+, E=, c+, e+ |
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Definition
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Term
When given the following translate into Rosenfield Terminology:
DcE/dce |
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Definition
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Term
When given the following translate into Rosenfield Terminology:
DcE/DcE |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The actual genetic makeup of an individual |
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Term
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Definition
| Outward expression of genes |
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Term
True or False:
Once the phenotype is known, the most
probable genotype can be determined by
knowing the most common genes for the
race of the person being tested |
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Definition
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Term
List in order of most frequent to least frequent the following Rh Haplotypes for Caucasians:
cDe
ce
CDe
cDE |
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Definition
CDe (R1)
ce (r)
cDE (R2)
cDe (R0) |
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Term
List in order of most frequent to least frequent the following Rh Haplotypes for Black patients:
cDe
ce
CDe
cDE |
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Definition
cDe (R0)
ce (r)
CDe (R1)
cDE (R2) |
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Term
| What are the rare Rh Haplotypes for both Caucasians and Black patients? |
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Definition
Ce - r'
cE - r"
CE - ry
CDE - Rz |
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Term
| How many antisera are used to determine the Rh system phenotypes? |
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Definition
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Term
If a red cell specimen is typed as the following what is its phenotype:
D+, C+, E=, c+, e+ |
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Definition
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Term
| If a red cell specimen is typed as D+, C+, E=, c+, e+ what is the most probably genotype for Caucasians? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a red cell specimen is typed as D+, C+, E=, c+, e+ what is the most probably genotype for Black populations? |
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Definition
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Term
Why would DCe/Dce be more likely than R1/r for the following in black patients?
D+, C+, E=, c+, e+ |
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Definition
| Because R0 is more common than r |
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Term
True or False:
In some cases Anti-D typing sera
attaches (sensitizes) to RBCs but fails to agglutinate |
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Definition
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Term
| When Anti-D typing sera attaches to RBCs but fails to agglutinate what additional testing is required? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 causes of weak D AGN Expression? |
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Definition
Genetic
Cis/trans effect
D mosaic (partial D) |
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Term
| When Ce (r') gene paired with a DCe (R1) or Dce (R0) what happens? |
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Definition
| The gene weakens the expression of the D antigen |
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Term
T/F:
A partial D phenotype should be suspected if a D-positive individual makes anti-D that is nonreactive with his/her own cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Missing part of the typical antigenic structure of
the D complex |
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Term
| D Mosaic : An ______ is made that appears to be anti-D after exposure to D-positive red cells |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of blood can Weak D Positive Patients receive? |
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Definition
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Term
| Weak D Positive Donors blood would be labeled what? |
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Definition
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Term
| All donor's blood that is Rh negative MUST have a ______ performed |
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Definition
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Term
| Weak D mothers Do or Do Not receive RhIG? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False:
Rh system is necessary for proper functioning of RBC membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| Rh null phenotype appears to have ______________ and can be produced from 2 distinct genetic mechanisms |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ 2 recessive genes - No Rh antigens are produced |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of gene prevents expression of Rh antigens? |
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Definition
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Term
Cells that type as Rh null demonstrate
membrane abnormalities that shorten their ____ and cause what? |
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Definition
survival
Hemolytic anemia |
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Term
| What Morphology will be observed with Rh null patients? |
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Definition
Stomatocytes and compensated hemolytic anemia
Increased reticulocytes |
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Term
| What 3 types of reagents are used (FDA approved) for Rh testing? |
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Definition
Slide and Rapid Tube
Chemically modified IgG antisera
Monoclonal/Polyclonal |
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Term
| Slide and Rapid Tube are what kind of medium? |
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Definition
High Protein
Contains IgG anti-D |
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Term
| Slide and Rapid Tube : Rh-hr Control has the same base as anti-D reagent but does not have what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the Rh-hr Control contain? |
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Definition
| Agglutination potentiators |
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Term
| What does Slide and Rapid Tube Testing Allow? |
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Definition
| RT testing of an IgG antibody |
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Term
True or False:
Slide and Rapid Tube - High Protein can cause false positive |
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Definition
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Term
| On the Slide and Rapid Tube testing if the control is positive what is the test? |
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Definition
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Term
| If the Slide and Rapid Tube test is invalid you should repeat with what? |
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Definition
| Monoclonal/polyclonal D antisera |
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Term
| Chemically Modified IgG Antisera - IgG antibody is chemically modified where? |
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Definition
| Disulfide bond of the hinge region |
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Term
True or False:
Chemically Modified IgG Antisera has fewer false positives and does NOT require high protein additives to enhance agglutination |
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Definition
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Term
| What should you always perform if the patient types AB+ with the Chemically Modified IgG Antisera? |
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Definition
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Term
| Monoclonal IgM provides what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Polyclonal IgG is present in what? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False:
Monoclonal/Polyclonal - Low protein with few false positives |
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Definition
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Term
True or False:
Though the most expensive, Monoclonal/Polyclonal is the best reagent |
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Definition
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Term
| What should you always perform if patient is AB+ with Monoclonal/Polyclonal |
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Definition
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Term
Weak D Testing - If test and control are negative after immediate
spin, incubate at what temperature? |
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Definition
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Term
Weak D Testing - If both are negative after incubation, wash 4 times
with what and add what? |
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Definition
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Term
Weak D Testing - If both are negative after addition of AHG, cells
are considered to be what? |
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Definition
weak D negative or D= or
Rh= |
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Term
| Weak D Testing - If control is positive at any stage, test is what? |
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Definition
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Term
| If your control is positive at any stage what is this probably due to? |
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Definition
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Term
Interpret the following:
Rh Tube : +
Rh-hr Control : = |
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Definition
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Term
After addition of AHG Interpret the following:
Rh Tube : =
Rh-hr Control : = |
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Definition
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Term
After addition of AHG Interpret the following:
Rh Tube : +
Rh-hr Control : + |
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Definition
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Term
After addition of AHG Interpret the following:
Rh Tube : +
Rh-hr Control : = |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you do if you are unable to get a valid D typing? |
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Definition
| Always give Rh = Transfusion |
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Term
False Positive D Testing:
Autoantibodies |
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Definition
| Antibody coats cells causing agglutination |
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Term
False Positive D Testing:
Rouleaux |
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Definition
| Washing cells will eliminate problem |
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Term
False Positive D Testing:
Contamination |
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Definition
| Reagent contains other antibodies |
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Term
False Positive D Testing:
Polyagglutinable cells |
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Definition
Agglutination of red cells by most human sera
regardless of blood type (hidden T antigen exposed) |
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Term
False Positive D Testing:
Failure to follow _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| What 5 things can cause False Positive D Testing? |
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Definition
Autoantibodies
Rouleaux
Contamination
Polyagglutinable cells
Failure to follow directions |
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Term
| What 5 things can cause False Negative D Testing? |
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Definition
Failure to add reagents
Neutralization of reagent (usually AHG)
Wrong antisera
Failure to follow directions
Wrong cell suspension
Shaking button off too hard |
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Term
False Negative D Testing:
Failure to add reagent - what should you always add first? |
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Definition
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Term
False Negative D Testing:
Neutralization of reagent - what should you perform? |
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Definition
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Term
False Negative D Testing:
Failure to follow ______ |
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Definition
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Term
Rh Antibodies Characteristics:
Generally do not bind _____ |
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Definition
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Term
Rh Antibodies Characteristics:
May show ______ |
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Definition
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Term
True or False:
Rh Antibodies can occur in combination |
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Definition
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Term
T/F:
Rh Antibodies results from immunization, pregnancy, or transfusion |
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Definition
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Term
| Which Rare Rh allele is only found in 2% of white patients and almost none in black patients? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which Rare Rh allele is a compound antigen expressed on the cell when both 2 other antigens are present on the same haplotype? Their antibodies have been identified and are considered significant. |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the antibodies to f or ce cause? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which Rare Rh allele appears to be related to f and seems to be present when c and e are in certain loci positions & can cause HTR but NOT HDN? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can V or Ce^S cause BOTH HTR & HDN? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can f or ce cause BOTH HTR & HDN? |
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Definition
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