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| liquid portion of the blood and lymph containing water, proteins, and cellular components (leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets) |
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| liquid portion of the blood left after clotting |
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| red blood cell, which transports oxygen and carbon dioxide |
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| protein-iron compound contained in erythrocytes that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide |
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| white blood cell, which protects the body from invading harmful substances |
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| a group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm |
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| a granular leukocyte, named for the neutral stain of its granules, that fights infection by swallowing bacteria (phagocytosis) (neutr = neither; phil = attraction for) |
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| a granular leukocyte, named for the rose-colored stain of its granules, that increases in allergic and some infectious reactions (eos = dawn-colored (rosy); phil = attraction for) |
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| a granular leukocyte, named for the dark stain of its granules, that brings anticoagulant substances to inflamed tissues (baso = base; phil = attraction for) |
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| polymorpho-nuclear leukocyte (PMN) |
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| another term for neutrophil, named for the many segments present in its nucleus (poly = many; morpho = form; nucleus = kernel) |
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| polymorpho-nuclear leukocyte |
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| a group of leukocytes without granules in their nuclei |
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| an agranulocytic leukocyte active in the process of immunity; the three categories of lymphocytes are T cells (thymus dependent), B cells (bone marrow-derived), and NK (natural killer) cells |
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| an agranulocytic leukocyte that performs phagocytosis to fight infection (mono = one) |
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| thrombocytes; cell fragments in the blood essential for blood clotting (coagulation) |
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| primary gland of the lymphatic system, located within the mediastinum, that helps maintain the body’s immune response by producing T lymphocytes |
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| organ between the stomach and diaphragm that filters out aging blood cells, removed cellular debris by performing phagocytosis, and provides an environment for lymphocyte to initiate immune responses |
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| fluid circulated through the lymph vessels |
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| microscopic vessels that draw lymph from tissues to the lymph vessels |
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| vessels that receive lymph from the lymph capillaries and circulate it to the lymph nodes |
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| specialized lymph vessels in the small intestine that absorb fat into the bloodstream (lacteus = milky) |
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| white or pale yellow substance in lymph that contains fatty substances absorbed by the lacteals |
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| several small, oval structures that filter lymph from the lymph vessels; major locations include the cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions. |
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| collecting channels that carry lymph from the lymph nodes to the veins |
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| receives lymph from the right upper part of the body |
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| receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, chest, abdomen, left arm, and lower extremities |
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| process of disease protection induced by exposure to an antigen |
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| a substance that, when introduced into the body, causes formation of antibodies against it |
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| a substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body |
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| an immunity that protects the body against a future infection, as the result of antibodies that develop naturally in response to an infection or artificially after administration of a vaccine |
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| an immunity resulting from antibodies that are conveyed naturally through the placenta to a fetus or artificially by injection of a serum containing antibodies |
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| presence of red blood cells of unequal size (an = not, without; iso = equal) |
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| an abnormally reduced number of all cellular components in the blood |
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| an abnormally reduced number of red blood cells |
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| breakdown of the red blood cell membrane |
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| impaired immunologic defenses caused by an immunodeficiency disorder or therapy with immunosuppressive agents |
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| impaired ability to provide an immune response |
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| enlarged (disease) lymph nodes |
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| an abnormally reduced number of lymphyocytes |
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| presence of large red blood cells |
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| presence of small red blood cells |
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| decrease in the number of neutrophils |
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| presence of large, irregularly shaped red blood cells (poikilo = irregular) |
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| increased number of immature erythrocytes in the blood |
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| enlargement of the spleen |
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| acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) |
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| a syndrome caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that renders immune cells ineffective, permitting opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurologic diseases to develop; transmitted sexually or through contaminated blood |
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| a condition of reduced numbers of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or packed red cells in the blood, resulting in diminished ability of red blood cells to transport oxygen to the tissues |
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| a microcytic-hypochromic type of anemia characterized by a lack of iron, affecting production of hemoglobin and small red blood cells containing low amounts of hemoglobin |
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| a macrocytic normochromic type of anemia characterized by an inadequate supply of vitamin B12, causing red blood cells to become large, varied in shape, and reduced in number |
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| a normocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by the failure of bone marrow to produce red blood cells |
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| a disorder that results from the incompatibility of a fetus with Rh-positive blood and a mother with Rh-negative blood, causing red blood cell destruction in the fetus; a blood transfusion is necessary to save the fetus |
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| the presence or lack of antigens on the surface of red blood cells, which causes a reaction between Rh-positive blood and Rh-negative blood |
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| hereditary disorder with an excessive buildup of iron deposits in the body |
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| group of hereditary bleeding disorders with a defect in clotting factors necessary for coagulation of blood |
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| chronic or acute malignant (cancerous) disease of the blood-forming organs, marked by abnormal leukocytes in the blood and bone marrow |
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| disorder within the bone marrow characterized by a proliferation of abnormal stem cells (cells that give rise to different types of blood cells); usually develops into a specific type of leukemia |
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| any neoplastic disorder of lymph tissue, usually malignant, as in Hodgkin’s disease |
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| process by which cancer cells are spread by blood or lymph circulation to a distant organ; “metastases” is the plural form of the term, indicating the spread to two or more distant sites |
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| viral condition characterized by an increase in mononuclear cells (monocytes and lymphocytes) in the blood along with enlarged lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy), fatigue, and sore throat (pharyngitis) |
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| increased number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood |
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| systemic disease caused by the infection of microorganisms and their toxins in circulating blood |
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| bleeding disorder characterized by an abnormally decreased number of platelets in the blood, impairing the clotting process |
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| test of the fluid portion of blood to measure amounts of chemical constituents (e.g. glucose and cholesterol) |
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| specialized batteries of automated blood chemistry tests performed on a single sample of blood; used as a general screen for disease or to target specific organs or conditions, i.e., metabolic panel, lipid panel, arthritis panel |
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| battery of tests used as a general screen for disease: calcium, carbon dioxide, chloride, creatinine, glucose, potassium, sodium and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) |
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| incision into or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for testing |
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| incision into or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for testing |
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| comprehensive metabolic panel |
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| tests in addition to basic panel for expanded screening purpose: albumin, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, protein, ALT, and AST |
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| test to diagnose an infection in the bloodstream, by culturing a specimen of blood to encourage the growth of microorganisms, which are then identified |
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| erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) |
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| timed test that measures the rate at which red blood cells settle through a volume of plasma |
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| partial thromboplastin time (PTT) |
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| test to determine coagulation defects, such as platelet disorders |
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| substance present in tissues, platelets, and leukocytes that is necessary for coagulation |
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| erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
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| partial thromboplastin time |
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| test to measure activity of prothrombin in the blood |
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| protein substance in the blood that is essential to the clotting process |
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| complete blood count (CBC) |
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| a common laboratory blood test performed as a screen of general health or for diagnosis, including the following four component tests (Note: CBC results are usually reported along with normal values so the clinician can interpret the results based on the instrumentation used by the laboratory. Normal ranges also may vary depending on the region, climate, etc.) |
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| a count of the number of white blood cells per cubic millimeter, obtained by manual or automated laboratory methods |
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| a count of the number of red blood cells per cubic millimeter, obtained manually or via automated laboratory methods |
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| a test to determine the blood level of hemoglobin (expressed in grams) |
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| a measurement of the percentage of packed red blood cells in a given volume of blood |
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| calculations of RBC, HGB, and HCT results to determine the average size, hemoglobin concentration, and content of red blood cells to classify an anemia |
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| mean corpuscular (cell) volume (MCV) |
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| calculation of the volume of individual cells in cubic microns using HCT and RBC results: MCV = HCT/RBC |
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| mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin (MCH) |
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| calculation of the content in weight of hemoglobin in the average red blood cell using HGB and RBC results: MCH = HGB/RBC |
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| mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) |
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| calculation of the average hemoglobin concentration in each red blood cell using HGB and HCT results: MCHC = HGB/HCT |
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| mean corpuscular (cell) volume |
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| mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin |
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| mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin concentration |
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| determination of the number of each type of white blood cell (leukocyte) in a stained blood smear; each type is counted and reported as a percentage of the total examined |
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| as part of identifying and counting the WBCs, the condition, size, and shape of red blood cells in the background of the smeared slide are noted (e.g., anisocytosis, poikilocytosis) |
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| calculation of the number of thrombocytes in the blood: normal range between 150,000 to 450,000 per cubic millimeter |
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| needle aspiration of bone marrow tissue for pathologic examination |
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| an x-ray of a lymph node or vessel taken after injection of a contrast medium |
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| transplantation of healthy bone marrow from a compatible donor to a diseased recipient to simulate blood cell production |
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| incision into a lymph node |
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| removal of possible cancer-carrying lymph nodes for pathologic examination |
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| removal of the thymus gland |
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| introduction of blood products into the circulation of a recipient whose blood volume is reduced or deficient in some manner |
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| blood donated by and stored for a patient for future personal use (e.g., upcoming surgery) (auto = self) |
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| blood voluntarily donated by any person for transfusion to a compatible recipient (homo = same) |
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| transfusion of a specific blood component, such as packed red blood cells, platelets, or plasma |
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| a method of matching a donor’s blood to the recipient by mixing a sample in a test tube to determine compatibility |
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| treatment of malignancies, infections, and other diseases with chemical agents to destroy selected cells or impair their ability to reproduce |
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| removal of plasma from the body with separation and extraction of specific elements (such as platelets) followed by reinfusion (apheresis = a withdrawal) |
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| a drug that prevents clotting of the blood |
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| a drug that stops the flow of blood within the vessel |
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| a drug that causes a narrowing of blood vessels, thereby decreasing blood flow |
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| a drug that causes dilation of blood vessels, thereby increasing blood flow |
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