Term
| Name the cytokines which are most important for early immune response |
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Definition
TNF alpha
IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12
Interferon |
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Term
| Name the steps (4) of wound healing |
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Definition
Hemostasis
Inflammation
Proliferation
Remodeling |
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Term
| What happens in the Inflammation stage of wound healing? |
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Definition
Neutrophils secrete toxic chemicals
Macrophages engulf Ag, release chemokines to stimulate capillary growth and granulation. |
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Term
| What happens in the hemostasis stage of wound healing? |
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Definition
Damaged vessels constrict
Leukocytes migrate into wound site |
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Term
| What happens in the Proliferation stage of wound healing? |
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Definition
Fibroplasia
Angiogenesis with granulation tissue and collagen deposition
Epithelialization
Contraction |
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Term
| What is fibroplasia and when does it happen? |
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Definition
Fibroblasts enter wound at 2-3 days after injury and proliferate. They lay ground substance and type III collagen.
Secrete PDFG, TGF, fibronectin to encourage proliferation |
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Term
| What is granulation tissue? |
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Definition
New blood vessels
Fibroblasts
Inflammatory cells
Endothelial cells
Myofibroblasts
Extracellular matrix |
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Term
| Describe re-epithlialization if basement membrane is intact and if it is not. |
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Definition
If membrane is intact -> cells migrate from basement membrane and its done in 3 days
If membrane is not -> epithelial cells must come from wound margins and takes longer |
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Term
| When does contraction start? |
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Definition
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Term
>How long does remodeling take? Describe.
>Wound strengths over time? |
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Definition
> months to 1 year. Collagen Type I replaces collagen type III and aligns to tension lines for more strength
> 50% as strong in 3 months, 80% as strong in 1 year |
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Term
| What cells contribute to healing? |
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Definition
Epithelial cells
Endothelial cells
Platelets
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Fibroblasts |
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Term
| Factors that retard wound healing |
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Definition
| Aberrations in blood supply, metabolic disorders, mechanical stress, hormones, surgical technique, drugs, obesity |
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Term
What is a keloid
what is dehiscence
what is excessive contracture |
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Definition
> special scar with too much type III collagen, itchy, on young females from neck to upper chest, treat with compression
> when previously closed wound opens again due to deficient scar formation
> when myofibroblasts contract too much and pull the healthy tissues around scar |
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Term
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Definition
small secreted proteins
short half life
effective at low concentrations
tightly controlled |
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Term
| What are some general responses to cytokines? |
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Definition
increase/decrease gene expression
cell proliferation
secretion |
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Term
| what cells make cytokines |
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Definition
macrophage
innate immune cell
Helper T cells
Infected cells |
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Term
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Definition
interfere with viral replication
induce antiviral resistance in healthy cells |
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Term
| What cytokines increase bone marrow production of leukocytes |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the dye used to stain connective tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the dye used to stain polysaccharides and proteoglycans |
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Definition
| Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) |
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Term
|
Definition
Must be a frozen section.
Use Sudan Black or Oil red O for LM
Use osmium tetroxide for EM |
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Term
| Name the cytokines responsible for increasing bone marrow production of leukocytes |
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Definition
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Term
| What do Th1 cells secrete? |
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Definition
IL-2
IFN gamma
THF beta
IL-3
GM-CSF |
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Term
| What do Th2 cells secrete? |
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Definition
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Term
| What stain can be adapted to stain for various ions such as iron or calcium? |
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Definition
| Prussian stains will bind to positively charged ions |
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Term
| What stains acidic components various shades of blue, lasts longer, and stains epoxy slides well? |
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Definition
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Term
| General characteristics of epithelial tissue |
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Definition
Cell to cell contact is very high.
Attached to each other and basement membrane with special junctions
Avascular |
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Term
| Simple Squamous Epithelia |
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Definition
single layer of flattened cells
provides general lining where there is little or no abrasion
good for diffusion or absorption due to thinness
but easily damaged |
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Term
| Simple cuboidal and Simple columnar epithelia |
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Definition
absorption and/or secretion
cuboidal - square cells lining ducts and tubules
columnar - found in absorptive surfaces like stomach lining or Fallopian tube |
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Term
| Pseudostratified epithelia |
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Definition
Appears stratified because nuclei are in many layers, but cells actually all touch basement membrane.
Found in respiratory tract (ciliated) where it helps sweep stuff out. |
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Term
| Stratified squamous epithelia |
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Definition
can be keratinized or not
basal layers have more intense staining nuclei than apical ones
function = resist friction |
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Term
Stratified columnar epithelia
aka cuboidal epithelia |
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Definition
very rare - two layers thick
found in ducts of glands like salivary or sweat glands |
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Term
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Definition
> rounded cells on the top (umbrella cells) which give a scallop shape to the surface
> cells closer to basement are more densely staining
> can literally stretch out like in bladder. |
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Term
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Definition
aka zonula occludens
it's an adhesive collar around epithelial cells to compartmentalize lumen and basement of a hollow organ. |
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Term
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Definition
formation of a continuous band around the cell just deep to the tight junction.
> cytoplasmic cadherins bind to cellular actin filaments |
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Term
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Definition
spot weld
> link the intermediate filaments on the inside with the cadherins on the outside |
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Term
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Definition
found on the basal surface of the cell
> integrins on the inside bind to laminins on the outside |
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Term
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Definition
Basal lamina (lamina lucida, lamina densa)
> fine fibrils which are secreted by epithelia: type IV collagen, proteoglycan, laminin, and entactin
Reticular lamina
> Type III collagen secreted by connective tissues |
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Term
| how would you stain reticular fibers? |
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Definition
| Jones Methenamine silver stain |
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Term
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Definition
>finger-like projections on cell surface made of folds of membrane
>looks like brush border
>function = increase surface area at apical surface to absorb |
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Term
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Definition
very long and wispy processes
>increases surface area |
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Term
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Definition
special hair like projections which move in a specific pattern
>9+2doublet of microtubule arrangement. |
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Term
| General functions of connective tissue. |
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Definition
Bind together and/or compartmentalize
Nutritional transport medium
Provide structural repair |
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Term
| Basic components of connective tissues |
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Definition
Matrix (ground substance and fibers)
Cells |
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Term
| Describe the types of fibers in connective tissues |
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Definition
1) Collagen - hemp rope structure. Provides tensile strength, stains easily with H&E
2) Reticular fibers (type III collagen) - special collagen that is highly branched like mosquito netting. Need special silver stain.
3)Elastic fibers - allows tissue to stretch, cross linked to make filaments or sheets. Branch less that reticular fibers. |
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Term
| what stains elastic fibers? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name embryonic Connective tissues |
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Definition
> mesenchyme, the progenitor of all connective tissues, looks long and wispy.
> mucous tissue, similar to mesenchyme except you can see collagen under EM |
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Term
| Describe areolar/loose irregular connective tissue |
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Definition
>functions in packing, anchoring, or embedding material in organs of body
>has all components of CT, matrix composed of fluid-like ground substance with random collagen and elastic fibers |
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Term
| Describe reticular tissue |
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Definition
>branching network of reticular fibers that make framework of organs
>fibers are secreted by reticulocytes with other functional cells suspended in meshwork |
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Term
| Describe the two types of adipose tissue |
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Definition
>Unilocular-lipids are stored in one large vacuole in majority of cells. Major adult form.
>Multilocular-brown fat in babies. Have no ATPase in mitochondria so all energy goes toward supplying heat. |
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Term
| Give the three functions of adipose tissue |
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Definition
Energy storage
Thermal insulation
Shock absorption |
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Term
| Describe irregular connective tissue |
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Definition
>great abundance of large collagen fibers in a random arrangement, few elastic and reticular fibers, little matrix
>makes tough fibrous sheets which surround lymph nodes and testes
> |
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Term
| Describe regular connective tissue |
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Definition
>densely packed fibers packed in parallel
>tendon and ligaments |
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Term
| Name barriers to infection for skin and others |
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Definition
>contiguous, stratified squamous epithelium, high [salt], low temp, acidic sebum, commensal bacteria, APC
>tears have lysozyme and IgA, salivary amylase, stomach pH=1, mucociliary apparatus, female/male parts pH, hypertonic urine |
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Term
| What is cell-mediated immunity? |
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Definition
| a type of adaptive immunity which involves activation of cytotoxic T cells (CD8 cells) to recognize, bind, and kill infected cells. |
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Term
| Define Antibody mediated/humoral immunity |
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Definition
| a type of immunity where APC processes Ag and give it to Th cells. They activate B cells to make specific Abs. |
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Term
|
Definition
Dendritic cells (Langerhans/Kupfer cells)
Macrophages
B cells, but they're inefficient |
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Term
Name the cells of the innate immune system
Which cells have most PAMPs? |
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Definition
Neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells, mast cels, B cells, intestinal cells
> Neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells have most PAMPs |
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Term
Identify the toll like receptor with the PAMP it binds.
TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, TLR11 |
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Definition
oTLR2 → lipoteicoic acid
oTLR-3→ dsRNA viral
oTLR 4→ Lipopolysaccharide on Gram neg bacteria
oTLR-5→ Flagellin
oTLR-7→ ssRNA
oTLR-8→ ssRNA
oTLR-9→ unmethlyated CpG
oTLR-11→ prolifin on toxoplasma, UTI bacteria |
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