Term
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Definition
| Perceptin of depth requiring binocularity |
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Term
| Where does most blindness occur and is it treatable? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is central vision and how is it measured? |
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Definition
| 250 microns or central retina and measured via snellen; early vision probs can prevent good central vision even if corrected called amblyopia |
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Term
| The Pelli-robinson chart and the Isihara chart measure what? |
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Definition
| Vision contrast and color deficiency |
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Term
| Opacity in the lens is called ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The intracranial 3rd nerve runs parallel to the ________, and is therefore sensitive to aneurismal compression and uncal herniation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Nuclear 6th nerve palsy causes ________ gaze policy. |
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Definition
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Term
| Saccades initiated by ____________ __________ of the midbrain and Brodmanns area 8 also known as the frontal eye field. |
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Definition
| Superior colliculus, which projects to contralateral horizontal or vertical gaze centers. |
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Term
| T or f, Once saccade is initiated and calculated it cannot be changed. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is congential ocular motor apraxia? |
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Definition
| Absence of saccades so head must move |
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Term
| Where is the horizontal and vertical gaze center? |
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Definition
| PPRF, rostral interstitial nucleus |
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Term
| T or f, The optic nerve is at the base of the diencephalons and superior to the pituitary gland. |
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Definition
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Term
| Bilateral input to the ________ coordinates papillary light response and pre para fibers project to edinger-westfall nucleus. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the ______ _________ tangential penetrations of columnar organization show a shift in ocular dominance. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the striate cortex the ________ pathway is the where and the __________ pathway is the what and object recognition. |
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Definition
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Term
| Rank the heritability of the following - schizophrenia, bipolar, major depression, anxiety disorder. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Yes, MZ/DZ twins is 50/10% and 1st relative is 10%, liability .83; schizos have a complex mode of inheritance |
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Term
| Evidence of early functional impairment in pre-schizophrenic individuals suggests that signs of brain compromise exist long before onset of psychosis. What is the age of onset and sex prevalence? |
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Definition
| 20s and male slightly more than females, although signs with OB complications of fetal hypoxia is correlative |
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Term
| There is an increased risk for schizos with urban living and small gestational age, but what type of memory impairment is in these patients? |
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Definition
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Term
| What accounts for decreased cortical volume in schizos? |
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Definition
| Reduced neuropil and neuronal size and aggressive synaptic pruning, not gliosis |
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Term
| Which of the following are associated with a better schizo prognosis - rapid onset (<4 weeks prodrome duration), confusion during the episode, good premorbid functioning, lack of blunted affect. |
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Definition
| All; short term remission is high, long is low with a symptom disability gap |
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Term
| T or f, First gen antipsychotics are as effective as second gen. |
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Definition
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Term
| T ro f, the length of time btw onset of psychotic symptoms and drug treatment decreases success. |
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Definition
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Term
| T o F, Prodrome criteria may constitute the most powerful risk factor identified for psychosis to date -- a risk of 20% per year equates to a RR ? 200. |
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Definition
| t, has 80% positive prediction |
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Term
| Over-activation of the ______ glutamate receptor leads to excess calcium signaling that normally causes long term potentiation for memory but causes excitotoxic cell death of neurons in many diseases such as stroke, trauma, epilepsy, drugs, and degenerative disease. What part of the brain are these receptors most common. |
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Definition
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Term
| Microglia, the CNS macrophage, moderate inflammation in all CNS injury, what do they do? |
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Definition
| Phago debris, chemokine for leukocytes and activate astrocytes |
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Term
| TNF-a derived from microglia and astrocytes increase which glutamate receptor on the cell surface making them chronically vulnerable to excitotoxicity? |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________ clear K+, H2O, Glutamate, GABA, GLycine from synapses while increasing cerebral blood flow during synaptic activity via PGE2 and NO release. |
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Definition
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Term
| Up regulation of _________ expression is the quintessential marker of reactive astrogliosis & is often used in neuropathology to identify regions of diseased or damaged CNS. |
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Definition
| GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein); mild to mod astrogliosis can modify neuronal function due to changes ability to uptake nutrients and neurotrx |
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Term
| What is the benefit of astrocyte scar formation? |
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Definition
| Prevents inflammation cells spreading to healthy tissue |
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Term
| What is the theory in regards to cell death after stroke? |
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Definition
| ATP pumps fail and astrocytes cant sweep out glutamate, thus excitotoxicity; memantine is possible blocker |
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Term
| In repeated traumatic brain injuries what accumulates to lead to alzheimers or dementia? |
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Definition
| Beta amyloid plaques and hyperphosphylated tau neurofibrillary tangles |
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Term
| Inner hair cells are primarily used for hearing and are innervated by many fibers with lower frequencies at the ________ of the cochlea or ______ of cochlear nucleus. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sound localization occurs with mechanism for horizontal and 1 for vertical. List them. |
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Definition
| H- time delay(not for high freq), level difference; V- shape of pinna |
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Term
| Hearing loss can be due to conductive problems like sclerosis or otitis, or hair cell loss or brainstem lesions, which is most common? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do you tell diff btw conductive and sensoirmeural loss? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the gradual loss of hearing rang called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the otoaucoustic emissions exam test for and what does auditory evoked potentials look for? |
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Definition
| Measures cochlear amplifier(adds 40-60db) and outer hair cell function, auditory brainstem response with thalamus middle latency and late cortical potentials |
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Term
| The following are the five main causes of what sensory loss - heridatry syndromes, infections (meningitis, rubella), drugs, presbycusis. |
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Definition
| Sensorineural hearing loss |
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