Term
| In the ventral horns of the spinal cord ID what the neurons control in the medial, lateral, dorsal, and ventral aspects. |
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Definition
| Proximal, distal, flexor, extensor muscles |
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Term
| Which of the microtubule associated proteins found in neurons are destroyed in alzheimers? |
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Definition
| Tau proteins; kinesis proteins travel axon to terminal, and dynein travel axon to cell body |
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Term
| Which types of neurons control the muscle spindle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of neurons are olfactory and retinal? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of neurons are pyramidal, motor, and Purkinje cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| In addition to GABA, what other neurotransmitter is inhibitory? |
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Definition
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Term
| In humans when does most myelination take place? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of tissue does the choroid plexus consist of? |
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Definition
| Envaginated pia and modified ependymal cells |
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Term
| What are Schmidt-Lanterman clefts? |
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Definition
| Places in the myelin that allow communication between the outer and inner layers |
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Term
| Do postganglionic autonomic cells have synapses? |
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Definition
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Term
| Both basket cells and chandelier cells are GABA, but where do they each exist? |
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Definition
| Baskets are in cerebellum, hippo, and cortex; chandelier are in the same places but only synapse at the hillock of pyramidal cells |
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Term
| Through what structure do sensory and motor pathways travel to reach the cortex? |
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Definition
| Sensory is thalamus, motor is internal capsule |
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Term
| What area of the brain is associated with seizure activity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between MEPP’s and EPP’s? |
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Definition
| MEPP’s are single vesicle depolarizations due to leak, EPP’s are the vesicles required for a complete action potential to be generated |
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Term
| Sharp pain, cold, and touch are associated with what type of fibers? |
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Definition
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Term
| Slow pain, heat, and itch are associated with what type of fibers? |
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Definition
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Term
| Nerve fibers are rated 1-4 and A-C, what does that mean? |
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Definition
| Numbers refer to size with 1 being the largest, letters refer to speed with A being fastest |
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Term
| What cell invades the endoneurium for debris what calpain enzymes degrade myelin to myelin oviods? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name for a schwann cell growth tube? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between a Phase 1 and 2 NMJ block? |
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Definition
| Phase 1 is when an end plate can’t repolarize while a NMJ agent like succinylcholine is present, Phase 2 is prolonged depolarization causing conformational changes in the receptor; so if Cholinesterase inhibs are used during a depolarizing phase 1 block it will prolong the block because it will maintain depolarized state with both Ach and Succinylcholine staying active |
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Term
| If a patient has either LEMS or MG what happens to the CMAP upon repeated stimulation? |
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Definition
| LEMS CMAP progressively decreases while MG decreases initially then stabilizes or increases slightly because it can reconstitute Ach pools |
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Term
| Neuromelanin is a breakdown product of what molecule? |
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Definition
| Dopamine, found mostly in the substantia nigra |
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Term
| Within the spinal cord the dorsal horn has a signal receiving area called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| In axial sections of the spinal cord what structure is only seen in C1-T6? |
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Definition
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Term
| T or F: EtOH causes axonal polyneuropathy. |
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Definition
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Term
| If a disease has symmetric distribution of deficits in a glove/stocking manner then what type of modality is it? |
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Definition
| Polynueropathy like Guillane Barre or vasculitis |
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Term
| The medial and lateral corticospinal tract has what effect on flexor muscles? |
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Definition
| Meidal inhibits, and lateral facilitates |
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Term
| The medial and lateral reticulospinal tract has what effect on extensor muscles? |
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Definition
| Medial facilitates, and lateral inhibits |
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Term
| How does nicotine increase neuron excitement? |
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Definition
| Acts on Ach Recptors presyn which increases Ca, and then increases glutamate release |
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Term
| What is the function of the superior and inferior colliculus? |
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Definition
| The superior is plays a role in visual system, and inferior is auditory |
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Term
| What are the meduallry pyramids? |
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Definition
| Just bundles of white matter |
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Term
| What are the names for the superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles? |
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Definition
| Branchium conjuctivum, branchium pontis, restiform body |
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Term
| What is the neurotrans used in substantia nigra pars compacta and reticulate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the brainstem looks like mickey mouse on axial imaging? |
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Definition
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Term
| What senses does the dorsal medial lemniscal, anterolateral spinothalamic, and lateral corticospinal pathways provide? |
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Definition
| Fine touch, vibration, proprio; crude touch, pain, temp; voluntary motor |
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Term
| Why is it that glutamate synapses have such a high failure rate? |
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Definition
| To fliter/modulate signal |
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Term
| Which of the glutamate receptors is the most abundant? |
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Definition
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Term
| NMDA receptors are coincidence detectors that increase the flow of Ca and Na, what is needed for them to be activated? |
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Definition
| Post-syn depol, glutamate, and glycine co-agonist |
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Term
| Why is it that glutamate requires the support cells and cell transporters to be removed from the synapse? |
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Definition
| Because there are no enzymes to degrade it |
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Term
| What makes the Kainate glutamate receptor so special? |
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Definition
| It slows post-syn potentials and modulates depolarization thru presynaptic positive feedback |
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Term
| Both EtOH and neurosteroids have what affect on tonic inhibition? |
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Definition
| They increase it via GABA - A |
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Term
| What is so special about these organs - neurohypophysis, subfornical organ, pineal gland, area postrema? |
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Definition
| They are circumventricular organs that border the 3rd and 4th ventricle outside the BBB while communicating with CSF |
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Term
| All neurons innervating eye mucles are ipsilateral except which muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
| T or F: edinger-westfall nucleus constricts pupils ipsilaterally. |
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Definition
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Term
| If there is a lesion to either the CN4 or CN6 nucleus, which side feels weakness? |
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Definition
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Term
| If there is a lesion at the facial nucleus or corticobulbar pathways which part of the face is affected for each? |
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Definition
| If the nucleus the deficits are ipsi of entire face, if pathways then contra lower face |
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Term
| What is the function of the nucleus anbiguus? |
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Definition
| Gives off efferent motor fibers of CN 9, 10 |
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Term
| What is the function of the solitary nucleus? |
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Definition
| Taste processing, and cardiopulmonary reflexes |
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Term
| What is the neutrotrans used in the raphe nucleus and locus ceruleus? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Allows greater T2 infarct visibility |
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Term
| T or F: The corticobulbar fibers are the descending inputs from the cerebral cortex to the motor nuclei that receive only bilateral innervation. |
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Definition
| False, although most receive bilateral inputs the contra side predominates, therefore a contra lesion will produce mild weakness |
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Term
| What is the function of the lateral rubrospinal tract? |
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Definition
| Facilitates flexors of the upper limb |
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Term
| What is the function of the reticulospinal tract? |
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Definition
| Lateral medullary inhibits extensors, medial pontine facilitates flexors |
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Term
| What is the function of the lateral vestibulospinal tract? |
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Definition
| Facilitates extensors of the ipsi upper and lower limbs |
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Term
| Name the 3 trigeminal sensory nuclei and their function |
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Definition
| mesencephalic - unconscious proprioception; main sensory - fine touch; spinal - pain/temp |
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