Term
| Is nicotine a natural ligand (natural ligand = made in the body)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 1 cigarette drag = nicotine will get to your brain in ______ seconds |
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Definition
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Term
| Nicotine addiction deals with the ______ pathway |
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Definition
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Term
| Does nicotine addiction deal with ionotropic receptors or mAChRs? |
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Definition
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Term
| two types of central nAChRs |
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Definition
1. alpha 4, beta 2 combination
2. alpha 7 |
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Term
| Do you need a higher concentration of ACh to activate muscles or neuronal nAChRs? |
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Definition
| muscles (because those ones have a lower affinity) |
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Term
| presynaptic nAChR passing potassium out & sodium/calcium in --> ? |
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Definition
| depolarization of the neuron (increasing the amount of calcium in the cell which overall increases the amount of neurotransmitter being released) |
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Term
| postsynaptic nAChR passing potassium out & sodium/calcium in --> ? |
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Definition
| alteration of plasticity (when the receptors open, calcium influx --> neuronal depolarization --> NMDA receptors opening which strengthens the synapse again) |
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Term
| What type of synapses does the VTA (ventral tegmental area) have? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Nucleus accumbens projects to the ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| two main interactions in the reward pathway |
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Definition
1. glutamate --> VTA
2. dopamine from VTA --> nucleus accumbens |
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Term
| experiment using the self-administration paradigm in rats: infuse a nicotine antagonist into various areas of the brain...putting a cannula (tube) down into the VTA with a nicotine antagonist --> ? |
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Definition
| no self administration of nicotine (nicotine antagonist blocks these VTA receptors causing no addiction...proves that there are nAChRs in the VTA) |
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Term
| experiment using the self-administration paradigm in rats: infuse a nicotine antagonist into various areas of the brain...nicotine antagonist in the nucleus accumbens --> ? |
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Definition
| rats will self-administer nicotine (addiction still happens...no nAChRs in the NAc for the antagonist to block to block addiction) |
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Term
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Definition
| rats can press a bar & get a water drip that has nicotine in it --> how you can see that they are addicted |
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Term
| experiment: DA antagonist in the NAc --> ? |
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Definition
| no self-administration of nicotine or cocaine (blocking the dopaminergic input in the nucleus accumbens --> stop of addiction) |
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Term
| experiment: lesioning nucleus accumbens --> ? |
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Definition
| no self-administration of nicotine or cocaine (proof that NAc is very important for addiction) |
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Term
question: which type of nicotinic receptor is involved in the VTA (VTA has both alpha 4 beta 2 subunits & alpha 7 subunits)?
experiment: knocked out the beta 2 subunits (called beta 2 KO mice) --> ? |
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Definition
| no self-administration of nicotine, but will do so for cocaine |
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Term
| When talking about the VTA, what is the presynaptic input? |
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Definition
| glutamatergic input to the VTA |
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Term
| When talking about the VTA, what is the postsynaptic neuron? |
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Definition
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Term
| The VTA receives paracrine ACh input from neurons in the ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Are alpha 7 nAChRs in the presynaptic neuron (talking about VTA glutamatergic inputs) sufficient for nicotine addiction? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 steps in alpha 2 beta 4 nAChRs in the postsynaptic VTA neuron to induce synaptic plasticity |
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Definition
1. activation by ACh
2. depolarization/excitation of the cell
3. NMDA receptor activation due to removal of the magnesium block
4. calcium in through both of these channels |
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Term
| intermittent nicotine administration --> ? |
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Definition
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Term
| constant administration of nicotine --> ? |
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Definition
| VTA neuron activity goes down |
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Term
| If nicotine receptors are getting activated too much, then they will ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 ways the neurons desensitize |
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Definition
1. ability of the channel to open changes
2. cell will pull out some of the nAChR |
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Term
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Definition
| if neurons are not getting enough input, more receptors can be put into the membrane |
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Term
| nicotine cycle: smoke cigarette --> high nicotine --> nAChRs activated --> ? (single step option) |
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Definition
| increased VTA neuron activity (reward pathway) |
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Term
| nicotine cycle: smoke cigarette --> high nicotine --> nAChRs activated --> ? (7 step cycle) |
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Definition
1. decrease in # of nAChRs & neuron desensitization
2. lower nicotine
3. increase in # of nAChRs & receptor sensitization
4. very low nicotine
5. receptors recover from desensitization
6. withdrawal symptoms
7. smoke cigarette |
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Term
| As you smoke more & more cigarettes throughout the day, your blood nicotine level due to that cigarette ______ |
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Definition
| goes up & up throughout the day |
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