Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the principal regulators of plasma Ca2+ within the body- |
|
Definition
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol)
Calcitonin |
|
|
Term
| What drugs should be considered when treating hypocalcemia? |
|
Definition
Calcium gluconate
Calcium chloride
Calcium carbonate (oral)
Calcium lactate (oral)
Calcitriol |
|
|
Term
| Bisphosphonates you can use for treatment of hypercalcemia? |
|
Definition
Pamidronate
Etidronate
Zoledronate |
|
|
Term
| What are the bisphosphonates to know? What do they all end in? |
|
Definition
-nate
Etidronate
Alendronate*
Ibandronate
Pamidronate
Tiludronate
Risedronate |
|
|
Term
| What drug is a calcimimetic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two kinds of calcitonin may be taken? How are they administered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Other than calcitonin, what else is used to counteract the actions of parathyroid hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three Vitamin D preparations? |
|
Definition
1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (Calcitriol)
Vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol)
Doxercalciferol |
|
|
Term
| What is the recombinant drug used in treatment calcium homeostasis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drug is a selective estrogen receptor modulator? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamus & Pituitary Hormones |
|
Definition
| Hypothalamus & Pituitary Hormones |
|
|
Term
| What are the hormones of the anterior lobe of the pituitary? |
|
Definition
FLAT PEG
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
Prolactin
Endorphins
GH |
|
|
Term
| What are the two somatotropic hormones? |
|
Definition
Growth hormone (GH)
Prolactin
(these two hormones are structurally analogous) |
|
|
Term
| What are the growth hormone mimetics to know? |
|
Definition
Somatropin
Somatrem
Recombinant IGF-1 |
|
|
Term
| Two other drugs to know about related to growth hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two drugs to know that treat hyperprolactinemia? |
|
Definition
Bromocriptine*
Cabergoline* |
|
|
Term
| Three analogs of GnRH? What do they all end in? |
|
Definition
Gonadorelin
Goserelin
Nafarelin (N for Nasal spray)
(-relin) |
|
|
Term
| Two GnRH antagonists to know? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two FSH preparations to know? |
|
Definition
Urofollitropin
Recombinant FSH - Follitropin alpha and Follitropin beta |
|
|
Term
| One LH preparation to know? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two hormones of the posterior pituitary? |
|
Definition
Oxytocin
Vasopressin (ADH) |
|
|
Term
| Two vasopressin agonists to know? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One vasopressin antagonist to know? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four drugs to know for the treatment of HYPOthyroidism? |
|
Definition
Thyroid USP (natural extract)
Synthetic:
Levothyroxine sodium T4*
Liothyronine sodium T3*
Liotrix (T3-T4) |
|
|
Term
| What drug for hypothyroidism is a natural thyroid extract? What drugs are synthetic thyroid hormones? |
|
Definition
Natural: Thyroid USP (Armour)
Synthetic:
Levothyroxine sodium T4*
Liothyronine sodium T3*
Liotrix |
|
|
Term
| What is the PREFERRED replacement therapy for hypothyroidism? Why is it preferred? |
|
Definition
Levothyroxine sodium T4*
Because of its consistent potency and prolonged duration of action (relatively long half-life of 8-9 days) |
|
|
Term
| What drug used for hypothyroidism is the DOC for myxedemic coma? |
|
Definition
| Liothyronine sodium T3* (IV) |
|
|
Term
| What is the last (and currently not preferred) drug to know to treat hypothyroidism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two classes and one single drug are used in the treatment of HYPERthyroidism? |
|
Definition
Thionamides
Iodide compounds (potassium iodide)
Propranolol |
|
|
Term
| What are the thionamide drugs to know for treating hyperthyroidism? |
|
Definition
Propylthiouracil*
Methimazole* |
|
|
Term
| What thionamides are used in a thyroid storm? |
|
Definition
| Propylthiouracil* and Methimazole* can both be used in a thyroid storm, however, PTU is preferred since it blocks conversion of T4 to T3 and can control symptoms causes by thyroid excess. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four categories of antiemetics to know? |
|
Definition
Phenothiazines
5HT3 Inhibitors
Benzamides
H1 antihistamines |
|
|
Term
| What is the phenothiazine to know? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three 5-HT3 inhibitors to know? What do they all end in? |
|
Definition
Ondansetron*
Granisetron
Dolasetron
-setron |
|
|
Term
| What is the one benzamide to know? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four H1 antihistamines to know? |
|
Definition
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)*
Meclizine
Hyoscine |
|
|
Term
| Most efficacious class of antiemetic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What antiemetic is used in patients with unrelenting nausea and vomiting, traveler's diarrhea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most important 5-HT3 inhibitor to know? |
|
Definition
Ondansetron (Zofran)*
"At a party but feeling queasy? Keep ON DANCing with ONDANSetron!" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bulk-forming laxatives
Stool surfactant agents (softeners)
Osmotic laxatives
Stimulant laxatives |
|
|
Term
| Name a Bulk-forming laxative? |
|
Definition
| Psyllium (nonabsorbably agents that increase water retention and stool bulk; this distends the bowel and stimulates peristalsis) |
|
|
Term
| Name a Stimulant laxative? |
|
Definition
| Senna (acts directly on intestinal smooth muscle to increase peristalsis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Docusate (emulsifies stool, softening it and making its passage easier) |
|
|
Term
| Name two Osmotic laxatives? (In FA, but not covered in class much) |
|
Definition
Magnesium citrate*
Lactulose* |
|
|
Term
| What class of drugs are the most effective antidiarrheal agents? |
|
Definition
| Opioids (and their derivatives) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two opioids to know for treating diarrhea? |
|
Definition
Diphenoxylate*
Loperamide* |
|
|
Term
| What antisecretory agent helps in treatment of diarrhea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four classes of drugs used to treat IBD? |
|
Definition
Aminosalicylates
Corticosteroids
Immunosuppressive antimetabolites
Monoclonal antibodies |
|
|
Term
| Into what two major subtypes is IBD usually divided? |
|
Definition
Ulcerative colitis
Crohn's disease |
|
|
Term
| What is the aminosalicylate used to treat IBD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the Mesalamine compounds to know? |
|
Definition
Pentasa (time release)
Asacol
Rowasa |
|
|
Term
| What corticosteroids could you use to treat IBD? |
|
Definition
Prednisone/Prednisolone
Methylprednisolone
Hydrocortisone |
|
|
Term
| What are the five immunosuppressants to know for treating IBD? |
|
Definition
Azathioprine*
6-Mercaptopurine*
Methotrexate*
Cyclosporine
Infliximab* |
|
|
Term
| What BRM is used to treat IBD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What four treatments are used to relieve Irritable Bowel Syndrome? |
|
Definition
Make dietary modifications
Antispasmodic agents
Antidiarrheal agents
Antidepressants - TCAs & SSRIs |
|
|
Term
| What two antispasmodic agents are used in IBS? |
|
Definition
Dicyclomine
Scopolomine* (motion sickness drug) |
|
|
Term
| What treatments are used to relieve Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)? |
|
Definition
Lifestyle changes
Antacids
H2 antagonists
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) |
|
|
Term
| What treatment is most effective in treating GERD? What treatment is least effective? |
|
Definition
| PPIs are most efficacious because it knocks out the hydrogen-potassium pump. Antacids are the least efficacious because they provide symptomatic relief only. |
|
|
Term
| What five categories of drugs are used to treat peptic ulcer disease? |
|
Definition
Antacids
H2 antagonists
Cytoprotective agents
PPIs
Antimicrobial agents |
|
|
Term
| What is the triple therapy to treat peptic ulcer disease? |
|
Definition
| PPI plus two antimicrobial agents |
|
|
Term
| What are the antacids to know? |
|
Definition
Aluminum hydroxide + Magnesium hydroxide (Maalox)
Aluminum hydroxide + Magnesium hydroxide + Simethicone (Mylanta)
Aluminum hydroxide + Magnesium carbonate (Gaviscon)
Calcium carbonate* (Rolaids, Tums) |
|
|
Term
| Four H2 antagonists to know? |
|
Definition
Cimetidine* (Tagamet)
Ranitidine* (Zantac)
Nazatidine* (Axid)
Famotidine* (Pepcid) |
|
|
Term
Most potent H2 antagonist?
Lest potent H2 antagonist? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drug is the most efficacious in treating Peptic ulcer disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three PPIs to know for treating Peptic ulcer disease? |
|
Definition
Omeprazole* (Prilosec)
Lansoprazole* (Prevacid)
Esomeprazole* (Nexium)
-prazole |
|
|
Term
| What drug acts as a cytoprotective agent? |
|
Definition
| Bismuth* Subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) |
|
|
Term
| What is the drug regimen for eradication of H. pylori? |
|
Definition
Combination therapy ("triple therapy")
PPI + Metronidazole or Amoxicillin + Clarithromycin |
|
|
Term
| What PPI is used in the combination therapy regimen? |
|
Definition
Omeprazole*
Regimen:
Omeprazole*
Metronidazole or Amoxicillin
Clarithromycin |
|
|
Term
| Androgens & Anti-androgens |
|
Definition
| Androgens & Anti-androgens |
|
|
Term
| What is the one testosterone analog to know? |
|
Definition
| Testosterone (patches and gels) |
|
|
Term
| Two testosterone esters to know? |
|
Definition
Testosterone enanthate
Testosterone cypionate |
|
|
Term
| Two 17 alpha-alkylated androgens to know? |
|
Definition
Methyltestosterone*
Oxandrolone |
|
|
Term
| Name the four categories of androgen antagonists? |
|
Definition
GnRH analogues
GnRH antagonists
Androgen Receptor antagonists
5alpha-reductase inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| What are the two GnRH analogs to know? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two GnRH antagonists to know? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three androgen receptor antagonists to know? |
|
Definition
Flutamide*
Bicalutamide
Spironolactone* |
|
|
Term
| Which androgen receptor antagonist is used most often? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is used with androgen receptor antagonists to treat metastatic prostate cancers? |
|
Definition
GnRH analogs
Limited efficacy when androgen receptor antagonists are used alone because of a compensatory increase in LH secretion stimulates higher serum concentrations of testosterone. |
|
|
Term
| What is used to treat hirsutism in women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two 5alpha-reductase inhibitors? |
|
Definition
Finasteride* (blocks type II only)
Dutasteride (type I and II) |
|
|
Term
| What three alpha1 blockers are used to treat BPH? |
|
Definition
Terazosin*
Doxazosin*
Tamsulosin* |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What class of insulin drugs most closely mimic endogenous insulin secretion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drug is an intermediate-acting insulin? |
|
Definition
| NPH* (Neutral Protamine Hagedorn) insulin |
|
|
Term
| What are the two long-acting insulins to know? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What long-lasting insulin is the best replacement for basal (background)insulin levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are eight classes of oral hypoglycemic agents to know? |
|
Definition
Biguanides*
Sulfonylureas*
Glitazones/Thiazolidinediones*
alpha-glucosidase inhibitors*
Amylin analogs*
GLP-1 analogs*
DPP-4 inhibitors*
Meglitinides |
|
|
Term
| What two classes of drugs are secretagogues? |
|
Definition
Sulfonylureas*
Meglitanides |
|
|
Term
| What classes of drugs are insulin sensitizers? |
|
Definition
Biguanides*
Thiazolidinediones* |
|
|
Term
| What are the two sulfonylureas* to know? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two meglitinides to know? |
|
Definition
Repaglinide
Nateglinide
-glinide |
|
|
Term
| What is the one biguanide* to know? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the one Glitazone/Thiazolidinedione* to know? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two alpha-glucosidase inhibitors* to know? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the one amylin analog* to know? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three classes of newer anti-diabetic agents? |
|
Definition
Amylin analogs*
GLP-1 analogs*
DPP-4 inhibitors* |
|
|
Term
| What are the two GLP-1 analogs* to know? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two DPP-4 inhibitors* to know? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Steroids of the Adrenal Cortex (& related disorders) |
|
Definition
| Steroids of the Adrenal Cortex (& related disorders) |
|
|
Term
| What are the drugs used to treat Cushing's syndrome? |
|
Definition
Metyrapone
Aminoglutethimide
Spironolactone*
Ketoconazole*
Mifepristone*
Pasireotide |
|
|
Term
| What two drugs are aromatase inhibitors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drug is an anti-androgen? |
|
Definition
Flutamide*
(Nonsteroidal drug that acts as a competitive antagonist at the androgen receptors) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does the combined pill contain?
What does the mini-pill contain? |
|
Definition
Combined pill? Estrogen & progestin
Mini-pill? Progestin only |
|
|
Term
| Specifically, what estrogen is contained in the combined pill? |
|
Definition
Ethinyl estradiol (EE), a synthetic estrogen
(It is combined with C-19 steroids) |
|
|
Term
| What oral contraceptive causes problems for women on certain types of anti-hypertensives (ACE inhibitors, K+ sparing diuretics)? |
|
Definition
Drosperinone (Yasmin)
It increases serum K+ levels |
|
|
Term
| What are alternative formulations of the combined pill? |
|
Definition
Transdermal patch
Vaginal ring (Nuvaring) |
|
|
Term
| What contraceptive is long-acting, progestin-only, and administered IM? |
|
Definition
| Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA)(Depo-Provera) |
|
|
Term
| What contraceptive is long-acting, progestin-only, and administered as subdermal capsules? What does it contain? |
|
Definition
Progestin implants
They are subdermal capsules containing Etonorgestrel (Nexplanon). |
|
|
Term
| What is the natural version of HRT (hormone replacement therapy)? |
|
Definition
Conjugated equine estrogens (CEE)
(short-acting estrogen mixture of conjugated estrogens) |
|
|
Term
| What is the synthetic version of HRT (hormone replacement therapy)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two other drugs are beneficial for reducing hot flashes? |
|
Definition
Clonidine (reduces sympathetic outflow, the cause of hot flashes)
Desvenlaflaxine |
|
|
Term
| What drugs are used to treat endometriosis (5)? |
|
Definition
Oral contraceptives (combined pills)
Progestins
Danazol*
GnRH analogs
Aromatase inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| What GnRH analog is often used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What aromatase inhibitor is often used to treat endometriosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
