Term
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Definition
| A male infant was born with a sac-like protrusion at the back of his head. Magnetic resonance images revealed that the defect contained a part of the brain and cerebrospinal fluid. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis of this anomaly? |
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Term
| pulmonary veins opening into the right atrium |
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Definition
| A 1-week-old newborn presented with severe cyanosis and rapid breathing (tachypnea). An echocardiogram was obtained and indicated that the child had total anomalous pulmonary venous connections or return. This congenital anomaly is associated with which of the following? |
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Term
| a defect in the membranous part of the IVS is more common than in the muscular part of the septum |
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Definition
| Routine physical examination of a 7-year-old boy revealed the presence of a cardiac disorder. The child appeared healthy, but had a loud systolic murmur on the left parasternal border. A muscular ventricular septal defect (VSD) was diagnosed based on the results of an electrocardiogram. Regarding VSDs, which of the following is correct? |
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Term
| normally closes after birth |
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Definition
| Doppler echocardiography revealed a patent ductus arteriosus in an infant. The ductus arteriosus: |
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Term
| faulty partioning of the bulbus cordis & truncus arteriosus |
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Definition
| A newborn infant with severe cyanosis was diagnosed as having a transposition of the great arteries (TGA). This condition results from which of the following? |
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Term
| collateral circulation permits passage of blood to the limbs |
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Definition
| A 9-year-old boy was found to be hypertensive by the family doctor. From birth he appeared to be healthy, but after exercising he often complained of being tired and with pain in his legs. Clinical tests revealed that he had a coarctation of the aorta. Which of the following is correct with respect to aortic coarctation? |
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Term
| a right to left atrial flood of blood occurs |
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Definition
| A 2-day-old infant presented with mottling of the skin (poor systemic blood flow), a weak peripheral pulse, breathing problems, and a systolic murmur. An echocardiogram led to the diagnosis of hypoplastic left heart syndrome. In most cases of hypoplastic left heart syndrome, all of the following are correct, except for: |
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Term
| persistence of the left anterior cardinal vein |
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Definition
| A child was born with a double superior vena cava. Which of the following is the cause of this anomaly? |
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Term
| polydactyly results from a failure of apoptosis in the interdigital region |
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Definition
| An extra digit was present on the left hand of a newborn infant. Regarding supernumerary digits (polydactyly), all of the following is correct except: |
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Term
sagittal sutyre
(scaphocephaly or dolichoephaly) |
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Definition
| A 2-year-old infant presented with a cranial deformity and no neurological deficits. The cranium appeared long, narrow, and wedge-shaped and the pediatrician made a diagnosis of scaphocephaly. This cranial deformity is most likely due to premature close of the: |
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Term
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Definition
| A 4-year-old boy was referred to a pediatrician for an expert opinion because the family doctor noted that the boy had a serious growth problem. The pediatrician found that the boy’s trunk and limbs were short and his limbs were bowed. The boy’s head was large and he had a prominent forehead with a flat nasal bridge. He was of normal intelligence. Which of the following disorders is most likely related to these findings? |
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Term
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Definition
| The mother of an 8-year-old boy noted that his teeth were yellow to brown in color, despite regular brushing. The mother consulted the dentist, who suspected that the underlying cause for the boy’s darkened teeth might be a developmental abnormality involving enamel formation. Which of the following is most likely to be involved in this disorder? |
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Term
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Definition
| An infant was diagnosed as having a disorder known as congenital ectodermal dysplasia. Which of the following is associated with this condition? |
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Term
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Definition
| A male infant was born with a sac-like protrusion at the back of his head. Magnetic resonance images revealed that the defect contained a part of the brain and cerebrospinal fluid. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis of this anomaly? |
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Term
| failure of the skeletal vertebral arches to fuse |
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Definition
| Routine clinical examination of a newborn infant revealed a neural tube defect (NTD) in the lumbosacral region. This anomaly results from which of the following? |
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Term
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Definition
| A patient was diagnosed with a neuromuscular disease involving neurons in the basal plate. Which of the following is derived from the basal plate? |
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Term
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Definition
| MRI of the brain of an infant with hydrocephaly revealed a massive dilatation of the lateral and third ventricles with a narrow cerebral aqueduct. The cerebral aqueduct is derived from which of the following? |
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Term
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Definition
| Incomplete fusion of the endocardial cushions is usually associated with which of the following types of atrial septal defect (ASD)? |
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Term
| primordial pulmonary vein |
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Definition
| The fetal left atrium is mainly derived from the: |
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Term
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Definition
| Congenital heart disease is the most common cardiac condition in childhood and most frequently results from: |
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Term
| membranous-type ventricular septal defect |
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Definition
| The most common type of defect of the cardiac septa is: |
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Term
| septum primum & endocardial cushions |
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Definition
| Closure of the foramen primum results from fusion of the: |
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Term
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Definition
| The fetal right atrium is mainly derived from the: |
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Term
| abnormal resorption of the septum primum |
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Definition
| A secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) results from: |
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Term
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Definition
| The signaling factor most likely to be involved in dextrocardia is: |
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Term
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Definition
| The rostral and caudal neuropores usually close during which week? |
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Term
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Definition
| in the nervous system, Mesoderm gives rise to: |
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Term
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Definition
| The neuroepithelium of the neural tube gives rise to: |
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Term
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Definition
| Which brain flexure develops between the metencephalon and the myelencephalon? |
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Term
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Definition
| The longitudinal groove in the internal surface of the developing spinal cord is called the: |
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Term
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Definition
The formation of myelin sheaths is largely completed by the end of the which period?
a) embryonic
b) fetal
c) perinatal
d) neonatal
e) infantile |
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Term
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Definition
| The pineal gland (body) develops as a diverticulum of the caudal part of the roof of the: |
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Term
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Definition
| The caudal end of the spinal cord at birth lies at the level of which vertebra? |
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Term
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Definition
| At autopsy, a female infant was described as having a major congenital anomaly resulting from failure of the rostral neuropore to close. This condition is known as: |
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Term
| obstruction in the circulation of CSF |
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Definition
| A neonate was diagnosed as having noncommunicating hydrocephalus, which results from |
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Term
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Definition
| The rostrocaudal axis and segmental levels of the neural tube are determined by expression of: |
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Term
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Definition
Which of the following structures is derived from mesenchyme?
a)tooth buds
b)sweat glands
c) dental papilla |
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Term
| c) epithelial root sheath |
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Definition
Which structure is derived from surface ectoderm?
a) dental sac
b) dermal root sheath
c) epithelial root sheath
d) odontoblastic layer
e) arrector muscle of hair |
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Term
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Definition
Which cells are derived from the neural crest?
a) melanoblasts
b) ameloblasts
c) myoblasts
d) cementoblasts
e) odontoblasts |
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Term
| buds from the sides of hair follicles |
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Definition
| Most sebaceous glands develop as: |
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Term
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Definition
| The ameloblasts of the developing tooth produce: |
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Term
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Definition
The odontoblasts of the developing tooth produce:
a) dentin
b) predentin
c) periodontium
e) enamel |
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Term
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Definition
| ‘Birth marks’ of flat, red cutaneous lesions were present on the face of a 3-month-old infant. These anomalies, diagnosed as angiomas of the skin, are caused by: |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypertrichosis was observed in the sacral region of a patient. This condition is associated with: |
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Term
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Definition
| The teeth of an 8-year-old child were badly discolored, giving them a brownish yellow appearance, and the enamel was hypoplastic. This condition is usually associated with: |
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Term
| sparse hair and no sweat glands |
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Definition
| An infant was diagnosed as having a disorder known as congenital ectodermal dysplasia. Which of the following would be present in the child?: |
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Term
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Definition
Which of the following is not a hereditary disorder?
a) hemangioma
b) localized albinism
c) polymastia |
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Term
| melanocytes produce melanin before birth |
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Definition
| Albinism is a disorder of pigmentation due to a lack of melanin production by melanocytes. Regarding melanocytes and melanin: |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecular studies show that tooth bud formation is regulated by: |
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