Term
| Bladder filling/emptying is under sympathetic/parasympathetic control, what receptors are involved with each process? |
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Definition
| Sympathetic- b3 relax dome and a1 contracts preprostatic sphincter; Parasym- m2 and m3 receptors induce contractions in detrusor muscle |
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Term
| The external urethral spincter is under voluntary control in micturition, what somatic nerve controls that? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is that hormonal deficiency in women can reduce the effectiveness of the internal and external urethral sphincter as well as various other urinary tract structures? |
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Definition
| Many of these structures have estrogen receptors and will degrade and atrophy without them, leading to problems like trigonitis, urethritis, etc. |
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Term
| What is normal bladder capacity and when do you first feel the urge to void? |
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Definition
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Term
| The brain stem-pons facilitates urination but which part of the brain is responsible for voluntary inhibitory control? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following are normal urinary changes that increase with aging - postvoid residual volume, involuntary bladder contractions, nocturia 1-2x/night? |
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Definition
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Term
| In reference to the Inguinal triangle, how do you differentiate between a direct and indirect inguinal hernia? |
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Definition
| Direct begins herniating in the triangle and pressing thru the conjoint tendon and superficial ring; Indirect begins outside the triangle and thus indirectly through the deep inguinal ring and canal(because of a patent processus vaginalis) |
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Term
| The Mullerian (female) duct ____________ if Mullerian Inhibiting factor is produced by sertoli cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| The Wolffian (male) duct differentiates if Testosterone is produced by what cells? |
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Definition
| Leydig; the wolffian tracts induce the formation of seminal vesicles, epididymes, vas deferens. |
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Term
| The male internal genital tracts and external genitalia(including prostate) form due to what hormones respectively? |
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Definition
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Term
| What genes induce the zygote to becomes a male and differentiate so? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the development of the zygote, if there is no MIF or DHT circulating what happens? |
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Definition
| Female sexual development occurs |
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Term
| What percentage of the testis is seminiferous tubules/sertoli cells and leydig? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long does spermatogenesis take? |
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Definition
| 64 days, no matter what it cannot be sped up or slowed |
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Term
| What is the functional purpose of prostatic secretions and seminal fluid? |
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Definition
| The alkaline prostatic secretions aid in sperm motility and protect against acidic vaginal environment and the seminal fluid has fructose to give energy to sperm |
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Term
| An infertile male with Sertoli Cell Only Syndrome does not produce sperm and has small testicles, what problems does he have with the leydig cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a man suffers from andropause, wilting testosterone production, and he chooses testosterone replacement therapy what must you test for first? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: the product of the SRY gene is a transcription factor that determines the fate of the indifferent gonads in the developing genital system. |
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Definition
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Term
| The epithelium of the urethra in both sexes is derived from ___________ while the muscle and surrounding connective tissue is derived from splachnic ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Briefly review Trelease’s lecture on development because there will only be one quiz question on it, no need to know it completely. |
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Definition
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Term
| Since epithelial-mesenchymal interactions induce differentiation in developing kidneys, which of the following growth factors induce nephron growth - WT1, GDNF, HGF, FGF-2, BMP-7, PAX2, or WNT4? |
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Definition
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Term
| The forming nephrons in development and thus the kidneys stem from what type of tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| Sertoli cells generate inhibin, what is its function? |
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Definition
| Negative feedback on pituitary to reduce secretion of FSH |
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Term
| true or false: estrogen exerts negative feeback at high levels, and positive feedback at low levels. |
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Definition
| false, low=negative, high=positive |
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Term
| describe what layers form the spermatic chord coverings. |
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Definition
| transversalis= deep ring, internal spermatice fascia; internal oblique=cremaster; external oblique=superficial ring,external spermatic fascia. |
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