Term
| Calcineurin leads to what transcription factor activation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pathway does Cyclosporin A and FK506 block? |
|
Definition
| Calcium signaling/NFAT gene transcription activity |
|
|
Term
| What is PIP2 cleaved into when it interacts with Phospholipase c-γ1? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of signaling is Ras considered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| MAP Kinase activation and transcription factor activation |
|
|
Term
| What do rac and rho regulate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the co-stimulatory molecules of T and B cells? |
|
Definition
T cells: CD 4, CD 8
B Cells: CD 19, CD21 |
|
|
Term
| What are the chains of the CD3 complex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the protein complex associated with the TCR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the protein complex associated with the BCR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the src of the CD3 complex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the src of the Iga/b complex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What promotes src family tyrosine kinase activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What down regulates kinase activity/SFKs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What phosphorylates the ITAM in T cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What phosphorylates the ITAM in B cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the secondary signaling on T cells required for activation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aside from helping a T cell hone on secondary lymphoid organs and peripheral sites of inflammation, how does LFA-1 interaction with ICAM-1 on the APC affect T cells? |
|
Definition
| Acts as a secondary signal |
|
|
Term
| What is the "third signal" considered during APC/lymphocyte interaction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the "secondary" signal expressed on B cells that is needed for germinal center formation, isotype switching, and somatic hypermutation? |
|
Definition
| CD40 (on the B cell) interacting with CD40L |
|
|
Term
| JAK/STAT signaling pathway is used by what cytokine receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the professional APCs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does L-selectin interact with on the HEV to enter the LN? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| After L-selectin has loose interactions, what interaction pulls the lymphocytes into the HEV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What interaction causes the egress of lymphocytes from the LN? |
|
Definition
| Sphingosine 1 Phosphate with S1P receptors |
|
|
Term
| How will a drug that affects S1P interaction in the LN affect the immune response? |
|
Definition
| It down-regulates the immune response because lymphocytes will get stuck in the LN and can't migrate to sites of peripheral inflammation. |
|
|
Term
| What types of protein expression changes occur in an activated T cell? |
|
Definition
L-selectin down regulation
VLA-4 up-regulation |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of VLA-4? |
|
Definition
| It causes lymphocytes to migrate to sights of peripheral inflammation by binding to VCAM expressed. |
|
|
Term
| What causes the expression of VCAM? |
|
Definition
| Inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α |
|
|
Term
| What T effector cell is responsible for killing virus-infected cells? |
|
Definition
| CD8 cytotoxic T cells (CTL) |
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|
Term
| What T effector cell is responsible for enhancing the neutrophil response and promoting the barrier integrity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effector T cell is most involved in switching to IgE expression? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effector T cell targets parastites? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cytokine will stimulate T reg Cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cytokine will stimulate T FH cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cytokine will stimulate TH17 cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cytokine will stimulate TH1 cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cytokine will stimulate TH2 cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What receptor on the TH1 cell stimulates differentiation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the transcription factor that TH1 cells induce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What immune response is involved in the Delayed Type Hypersensitivity (DTH)? |
|
Definition
| TH-1 mediated immune effector response |
|
|
Term
| What will the IFN-γ secreted by TH1 stimulate? |
|
Definition
| MOs and other cells will promote a particular inflammatory response associated with activated MOs. |
|
|
Term
| What will the IL-4,5,13 secreted by TH2 cells cause? |
|
Definition
Helps B cells secrete certain antibodies (IgE)
Activates eosinophils
Promotes mucous production in lung and gut
"allergic inflammatory response" |
|
|
Term
| What receptor on the TH2 cell stimulates differentiation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the transcription factor induced by TH2 cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells causes the allergic inflammatory response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cytokine promotes IgE isotype switching? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cytokine promotes eosinophil development and activation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cytokine promotes mucous production in lung/gut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the transcription factor expressed by TH17 cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cell helps promote immunity to the extracellular bacteria and fungi in the skin and mucousal sites? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the transcription factor expressed by T reg cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can T reg cells down-regulate T cell immune responses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the transcription factor expressed by T FH cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main purpose of T FH cells? |
|
Definition
| The express homing to B cell follicle to help B cells and promote germinal center formation |
|
|
Term
| What will CTL cells express once they begin to differentiate? |
|
Definition
perforin and granzyme
fas ligand |
|
|
Term
| What does fas ligand cause? |
|
Definition
| Interaction with FAS on target cells to activate caspases |
|
|
Term
| What cytokines allow for memory T cells to survive and develop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are B2 (conventional) Cells found? |
|
Definition
| Follicles of the LN and spleen |
|
|
Term
| What are the MZ B cells particularly important for? |
|
Definition
Humoral response to encapsulated bacteria.
|
|
|
Term
| What is the main function of B1 cells? |
|
Definition
| Production of "natural" antibodies |
|
|
Term
| What is linked recognition? |
|
Definition
| Basically, T cell help to B cells is linked to the recognition of different epitope on the same antigenic complex |
|
|
Term
| In what cells does Somatic Hypermutation occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does somatic hypermutation occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What will somatic hypermutation cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the only immunoglobulin molecule whose expression is mediated by alternative mRNA processing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What area of the DNA is altered for Isotype switching? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cytokines promote isotype switching? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme is involved in somatic hypermutation and isotype switching? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cytokine promotes IgG1 to switch to IgE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cytokine promotes IgG1 to switch to IgG2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cytokine promotes IgG1 to switch to IgA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What will FcR cause the activation of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What will IgG FcR cause the activation of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What will IgE FcR cause the activation of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are complement proteins produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What complement pathway is Antibody dependent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What antibodies are effective at activating the classical complement pathway and why? |
|
Definition
| IgM and IgG3 - the area in the hinge region can associate with C1 component. |
|
|
Term
| Which component of C3 convertase is the anaphylatoxin and which is the opsonin? |
|
Definition
C3a - anaphylatoxin
C3b - opsonin |
|
|
Term
| What forms the membrane attack complex (MAC)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is needed to start the Lectin complement pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the roles of MBL and MASP in the lectin complement pathway? |
|
Definition
MBL binds to lectins on the bacterial surface
MASPs cleave C4 |
|
|
Term
| What initiates the Alternative Complement pathway? |
|
Definition
| The charged surfaces on bacteria, yeast, and parasites. |
|
|
Term
| Patients with a deficiency in GPI-linked anchors will have what? |
|
Definition
| Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of MAC in the complement system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of C3b during the complement system? |
|
Definition
| Opsonization/phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of C5a during the complement system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of C3a, C5a during the complement system? |
|
Definition
| Anaphylatoxins (mast cell activation) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of C4a during the complement system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Complement Receptors on RBCs (i.e. CR1)? |
|
Definition
| Binds to immune complexes and transport them to the liver where MOs digest. |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of Pattern Recognition Receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do Nod-like Receptors Bind to and where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do Toll-like receptors bind to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which are germline encoded - Innate immunity receptors or T/B cell receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What associates to form an inflammasome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Nod-like Receptors with Pyrin-like Domains (NALP) important for? |
|
Definition
| IL-1β and IL-18 production |
|
|
Term
| What are P and E-selectin useful for? |
|
Definition
| They are expressed on the endothelial to help in-take neutrophils. |
|
|
Term
| What do plasmacytoid dendritic cells produce large amounts of? |
|
Definition
| Type I Interferons (IFN-a, IFN-b) |
|
|
Term
| What do plasmacytoid dendritic cells respond to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of NK cells? |
|
Definition
| Recognize and kill cells with intracellular organisms, particularly viruses. |
|
|
Term
| What do KIR receptors on NK cells recognize? |
|
Definition
| Low levels of MHC I induced by viral infection |
|
|
Term
| What do NK cells release to cause apoptosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do TCR and BCR recognition differ? |
|
Definition
| BCR recognizes directly, TCR recognizes through MHC context. |
|
|
Term
| What are the hypervariable regions of the antigen receptor? |
|
Definition
| Complementary Determining Regions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The T cell recognizes both self (MHC) and non-self (antigen peptide) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They can bind directly to TCR and MHC without processing on the framework region. |
|
|
Term
| What gene expression is needed to undergo somatic recombination? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antibodies are coated on the surface to detect and capture Antigen in the sample |
|
|
Term
| What is Flow Cytometry used for? |
|
Definition
| Detecting patterns of protein expression on complex mixtures of cell populations like blood leukocytes. |
|
|
Term
| What is the binding site on MHC I? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the binding site on MHC II? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is MHC I expressed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the proteins/pathogens of MHC I complexes from? |
|
Definition
| Endogenously/cytostolically derived |
|
|
Term
| What structures are used for MHC I formation? |
|
Definition
| Calnexin (to alpha), Calreticulin (to alpha and beta-2), TAP transporter, then a proteosome in the cytoplasm. |
|
|
Term
| Where are the antigens derived from for MHC II? |
|
Definition
| Exogenously/endocytotically |
|
|
Term
| What structures are used for MHC II formation? |
|
Definition
| Invariant chain (binding to alpha and beta), CLIP (binding to alpha and beta), HLA-DM (allowing peptide to bind) |
|
|
Term
| What is cross presentation? |
|
Definition
| Exogenously derived proteins access the MHC I complex (not the norm!). |
|
|
Term
| Where are MHC (HLA) genes located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the genes for MHC I and II? |
|
Definition
I: A, B, C
II: DP, DQ, DR |
|
|
Term
| How many alleles are there for the MHC I and II genes? |
|
Definition
| 2 on each, exept MHC II DR, which has 4. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Developing an immune response to someone else's MHC |
|
|
Term
| What is the AIRE transcription factor? |
|
Definition
| Directs Medullary Epithelial cells to express proteins. Cells that recognize it will be negatively selected. |
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|
