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BLAW test1
ch1,2,3,5
147
Business
Undergraduate 2
02/07/2011

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Cards

Term
due diligence
Definition
investigation of the registration statement by someone who signs it
Term
quid pro quo
Definition
"this for that"--refers to a form of sexual harassment in which some aspect of a job is made contingent upon sexual activity
Term
statute of limitations
Definition
suit must be filed within specified time of actual cause of action
Term
discovery stage
Definition
stage in litigation in which each party seeks as much relevant information as possible about opposing party's case
Term
"limited partnership"
Definition
each partner is individually liable for his/her investment
Term
joint liability
Definition
all members of a group are liable and must be sued together
Term
joint and several liability
Definition
all members of a group are liable; can be sued as a group, or one of them can be sued individually for the full amount owing
Term
precedent
Definition
earlier case that decided the same legal issue as that presently in dispute will control the outcome of the current case
Term
stare decisis
Definition
"let the decision stand"--basic principle of common law that means precedent is usually binding
Term
civil law
Definition
deals with individual rights, duties created by legislation and court decision---brought on by a victim
Term
criminal law
Definition
deals with offenses against society (federal or state) created by legislation--brought on by the government
Term
double jeopardy
Definition
criminal defendant may be prosecuted only once for a particular criminal offense
Term
pro se
Definition
through attorney
Term
American rule--payment
Definition
each party is responsible for their individual court/lawyer fees
Term
fee-shifting agreement
Definition
all court/legal fees can be shifted to the losing party once judgment is made
Term
Civil Remedies at law
Definition
damages--compensatory, punitive, nominal, liquidated
Term
equitable remedies
Definition
injunction, decree of specific performance
Term
criminal remedies/consequences
Definition
fine, imprisonment, restitution
Term
actus rea
Definition
criminal act as defined by applicable statute--defendant committed act
Term
mens rea
Definition
"guilty state of mind"--intetntional, reckless, negligence, subjective/objcetive
Term
intentional mens rea
Definition
actor meant to do particular act with particular result; doctrine of transferred intent
Term
doctrine of transferred intent
Definition
when an intent to cause harm to one person results in harm to another person instead of the intended target, the law transfers the intent to the actual harm.
Term
reckless mens rea
Definition
actor engaged in outrageous conduct without regard to possible consequences
Term
negligent mens rea
Definition
carelessness; failure to behave in an objectively reasonable manner
Term
subjective mens rea
Definition
court must be satisfied that the accused actually had the requisite mental element present in his or her mind at the relevant time
Term
objective mens rea
Definition
where requisite mens era element is imputed to the accused on the basis that a reasonable person would have had the mental element in the same circumstances
Term
hybrid mens rea
Definition
test is both subjective and objective
Term
doctrine of exhaustion of administrative remedies
Definition
judicial or statutory requirement that a controversy will not be heard by a federal/state court until non-judicial or administrative remedies have been pursued--promotes judicial efficiency and protects the autonomy of administrative agencies
Term
doctrine of exhaustion of administrative remedies
Definition
judicial or statutory requirement that a controversy will not be heard by a federal/state court until non-judicial or administrative remedies have been pursued--promotes judicial efficiency and protects the autonomy of administrative agencies
Term
legal positivism
Definition
law is what the sovereign says it is--decisions stand, regardless of morality
Term
natural law
Definition
"an unjust law is no law at all and need not be obeyed"--laws must have a good moral basis
Term
legal realism
Definition
"enforcement of the law is more important than the law itself"--enforcers determine if the law is applied in a fair and consistent way
Term
jurisprudence
Definition
theory/philosophy of law
Term
Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 167
Definition
if D makes P a settlement offer and P declines, and at trial P wins judgment of less than 80% of the offer. P must pay D's attorney fees and court costs from date of offer forward
Term
precedent...
Definition
need for predictability of the law and must be flexible to respond to new problems
Term
burden of proof-civil
Definition
plaintiff has burden of proof and a preponderance of evidence is required
Term
burden of proof-criminal
Definition
government has burden of proof and must prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt
Term
alternative dispute resolution
Definition
any other formal or informal process used to settle disputes without resorting to a trial
Term
mediation
Definition
neutral "mediator" attempts to coax the two disputing parties to award a voluntary settlement (can be mandated)
***STRONGEST WIN-WIN
Term
arbitration
Definition
parties agree to a neutral 3rd party (arbitrator) who has the power to impose an award
**ensures final result
Term
litigation
Definition
refers to lawsuits; process of filing claims in court and ultimately going to trial
Term
in personam jurisdiction
Definition
in a lawsuit in which the case is against a specific individual, that person must be served with a summons/complaint to give the court jurisdiction to try the case---judgement can be enforceable against a person wherever he/she is
Term
bench trial
Definition
trial held before a judge sitting without a jury
Term
flat fee
Definition
dollar amount that the attorney and the client agree on before the attorney begins work
Term
contingent fee
Definition
represents a certain percentage of the recovery in the client's case
Term
retainer fee
Definition
a continuing flat fee or an advance on the fee owed for the attorney's services
Term
hourly rate
Definition
predetermined amount chargeable for the attorney's work
Term
venue
Definition
the geographic district in which a legal action is tried and from which the jury is selected---influences case of jurisdiction
Term
standing to sue
Definition
requirement that an individual must have a sufficient stake in a controversy before he or she can bring a lawsuit. Plaintiff must demonstrate injury or threat of injury.
Term
justiciable controversy
Definition
controversy that is not hypothetical or academic but real and substantial, requirement that must be satisfied before a court will hear a case
Term
motion to dismiss
Definition
request that the court terminate a case without permitting it to go further
Term
judgment on the pleadings
Definition
a party can ask the court to form a judgment based on the pleadings themselves
Term
summary judgment
Definition
ruling by the court that no trial is necessary because some essential facts are not in dispute
Term
judgment notwithstanding verdict (JNOV)
Definition
a judgment entered by court in favor of one party even though the jury returned a verdict for the opposing party
Term
voir dire
Definition
"to seek the truth"--process of selecting a jury with goal being to select an impartial jury
Term
challenges for cause
Definition
claim that a juror has demonstrated probable bias
Term
peremptory challenges
Definition
right to excuse a juror for virtually any reason
Term
law of evidence
Definition
determines what questions a lawyer may ask and how the questions are to be phrased, what answers a witness may give and what documents may be introduced
Term
appeals
Definition
each party presents argument to a court of judges who may interrupt with questions and will take case under advisement (may affirm, modify, reverse, or reverse and remand)
Term
judgment-proof
Definition
term used to describe an individual who is financially unable to pay an adverse court decision awarding a sum of money to the opposing party
Term
statutory exemptions: designed to exempt from disclosure information that is required or permitted to be kept secret by other federal laws
Definition
Term
wage garnishment
Definition
occurs when an employer is required to withhold the earnings of an individual for the payment of a debt in accordance with a court order or other legal or equitable procedure
Term
abstract of judgment
Definition
a written summary of judgment which states how much money the losing defendant owes to the person who won the lawsuit, the rate of interest to be paid on the judgment amount, court costs and any specific orders that the losing defendant must obey----winner(creditor), loser(debtor)
Term
proof of damages
Definition
1. pain/suffering
2. capacity to work
3. medical expenses
Term
proof of battery
Definition
1. intentional
2. touching
3. rude/offensive
Term
frivolous litigation
Definition
judge can enforce that losing party pay defendant's fees when case is frivolous and unnecessarily filed
Term
class action
Definition
suit in which one injured party represents a large group of people who have suffered similar harm
Term
mandatory arbitration
Definition
parties agree in advance to arbitrate any disputes that may arise
Term
mandatory arbitration form
Definition
document that prohibits you from filing suit against the company. If you have a complaint, you must pay an arbitrator's fee, plead your case and potentially pay the other party's fees.
Term
trial courts
Definition
determine the facts of a particular dispute and apply those facts the law given by earlier appellate court decisions
Term
jurisdiction
Definition
a court's power to hear a case
Term
trial courts of limited jurisdiction
Definition
may only hear certain types of cases
Term
small claims court
Definition
only has jurisdiction over civil lawsuits involving a maximum $$ amount
Term
juvenile court
Definition
hears only cases involving minors
Term
probate court
Definition
hears only cases dealing with settlement of estates of deceased persons
Term
trial courts of general jurisdiction
Definition
can hear a very broad range of cases---most important court is the general civil division
Term
appeals court
Definition
generally accept the facts given to them by trial courts and review the trial record to see if the court made errors of law
Term
appellant
Definition
files the appeal
Term
appellee
Definition
party opposing the appeal
Term
briefs
Definition
written arguments on the case submitted by both sides
Term
federal question cases
Definition
a case in which the claim is based on the U.S. constitution, a federal statute, or a federal treaty
Term
diversity jurisdiction cases
Definition
1. plaintiff and defendant are citizens of different states
2. the amount in dispute exceeds $75,000
Term
writ of certiorari
Definition
a petition asking the supreme court to hear a case
Term
pleadings
Definition
documents that begin a lawsuit, consisting of the complaint, the answer, and sometimes a reply
Term
complaint
Definition
short, plain statement of the facts alleged and the legal claims made
Term
summons
Definition
paper ordering the defendant to answer the complaint within 20 days
Term
answer
Definition
tells the court and plaintiff exactly what issues are in dispute
Term
counter-claim
Definition
a second lawsuit by the defendant against teh plaintiff
Term
motion
Definition
a formal request to the court to take some step or issue an order
Term
interrogatories
Definition
written questions that the opposing party mjust answer under oath
Term
depositions
Definition
provide a chance for one party's lawyer to question the other party or witness under oath
Term
adversary system
Definition
best way to bring out the truth is for the two contesting sides to present the strongest case possible to a neutral fact finder
Term
right to jury trial
Definition
both plaintiff and defendant have a right to demand a jury trial when the lawsuit is one for money damages
Term
direct examination
Definition
when a lawyer asks questions of her own witness
Term
directed verdict
Definition
a ruling that the plaintiff has entirely failed to prove some aspect of the case
Term
affirm
Definition
allow decision to stand
Term
modify
Definition
affirm the outcome with changes
Term
reverse and remand
Definition
nullify the lower decision and return the case for reconsideration or retrial
Term
reverse
Definition
to turn the loser into the winner
Term
harmless error
Definition
a mistake by the trial judge that was too minor to affect the outcome
Term
common law
Definition
judge-made law; sum total of all the cases decided by appellate courts in that state
Term
bystander's obligations
Definition
bystander has NO obligation to assist someone in peril unless they are responsible for the danger
Term
plain meaning rule
Definition
simple application of a statute's words
Term
legislative history and intent
Definition
court looks at law's history (committee hearings, reports, floor debates)
Term
Interstate Commerce Act
Definition
1st administrative agency--gave ICC power to regulate rates and investigate harmful practices, to hold hearings, issue orders and punish railroads that don't comply
Term
enabling legislation
Definition
describes the problem that needs regulation and establishes an agency and defines its powers
Term
legislative rules
Definition
agency creates laws by requiring business or private citizens to act in a certain way
Term
informal rulemaking
Definition
simple "notice and comment"--agency must publish a proposed rule in advance and permit the public a comment period
Term
formal rulemaking
Definition
congress may require that an agency hold a hearing before promulgating the rules
Term
subpoena
Definition
order to appear at a particular time and place
Term
adjudicate
Definition
to hold a formal hearing about an issue and then decide it
Term
De Novo decision
Definition
power of an appellate court or board to ignore a lower judge's ruling and make it's own decision
Term
statutory control
Definition
may require the agency use formal rulemaking or only investigate certain issues
Term
political control
Definition
greatest influence over executive agencies
Term
judicial review
Definition
individual/corporation harmed by an administrative rule may have such action reviewed in federal court
Term
Freedom of Information Act (1966)
Definition
designed to give citizens, businesses, and organizations access to the information used by federal agencies
Term
Privacy Act (1974)
Definition
statute prohibits federal agencies from giving information about an individual to other agencies or organization's without written consent
Term
U.S. Constitution (1788)
Definition
supreme law of the land; therefore any law that conflicts with it is void; establishes 3 branches of national government
Term
statutes
Definition
constitution gave the U.S. Congress the power to pass laws on various subjects
Term
administrative law
Definition
most administrative agencies are created by Congress or a state legislature
Term
substantive law
Definition
defines the rights of the parties
(requires that a landlord who has signed a lease must deliver the store to her tenant)
Term
procedural law
Definition
establishes the processes for settling disputes
(must notify defendant of claims and time and place for hearing on injunction)
Term
public law
Definition
refers to the rights and obligations of governments as they deal with the nation's citizens
(FTC prohibits deceptive advertisements)
Term
private law
Definition
regulates the duties between individuals
(landlord-tenant law)
Term
sovereign
Definition
recognized political power whom citizens obey
Term
legal citation
Definition
indicates where to find the case in a law library
Term
facts section
Definition
provides a background to the lawsuit, mentions to what happened at the trial court
Term
issue section
Definition
tells you what the court had to decide
Term
devil's advocate
Definition
offers a contrasting view of the legal issue
Term
separation of power
Definition
national government divided into three branches
Term
Article I
Definition
creates the Congress and grants all legislative power to it
Term
Article II
Definition
establishes the office of president and defines executive powers
Term
Article III
Definition
creates the Supreme Court and permits lower federal courts and outlines the powers of the federal judiciary
Term
congressional powers
Definition
imposing taxes, spending money, creating copyrights, supporting the military, declaring war
Term
commerce clause
Definition
gives Congress the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations among states
Term
International Commerce--Exclusive Power
Definition
Federal government must speak with one voice when regulating commercial relations with foreign governments
Term
Domestic Commerce--Concurrent Power
Definition
both Congress and the States may regulate domestic commerce
Term
commerce clause
Definition
gives Congress the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations among states
Term
procedural due process
Definition
ensures that before the government takes liberty or property, the affected person has a fair chance to oppose the action
Term
eminent domain
Definition
the power of government to take private property for public use
Term
substantive due process
Definition
holds that certain rights are so fundamental that the government may not eliminate them
Term
equal protection clause
Definition
generally requires the government to treat people equally
Term
Takings Clause
Definition
when government takes private property for public use, the owner must be compensated
Term
Supremacy Clause
Definition
constitution is supreme law of the land
Term
categorical imperative
Definition
moral duty to act as you believe everyone should act--no exceptions
Term
social contract theory
Definition
only way to survive in society is to engage in a social contract with everyone
Term
consequentialism
Definition
ethics of actions are judged by how they promote common good (ethics judged upon consequences rather than actions themselves)
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