Term
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Definition
| When RBCs are destroyed, bilirubin is released, turning into urobilinogen in the intestines. Urobilin in the kidney turns urine yellow |
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Term
| Which muscles in the bladder are smooth muscle? |
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Definition
Detrusor muscle
Internal sphincter |
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Term
| Which muscles in the bladder are skeletal muscle? |
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Definition
| External sphincter and urogenital diaphragm |
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Term
| Does the bladder absorb material? |
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Definition
No! Tissues is many layers to prevent this.
Inner layer - transitional epithelium
Mucosa --> Detrusor muscle --> Adventitia
Tissue is ruffled when empty - rugae, allows for a volume of up to 1 L |
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Term
| What are features of urothelium? |
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Definition
Urothelium = transitional epithelium
3 layers - basal, intermediate, and superficial. Basal makes new epithelium. Umbrella cells of the superficial layer have extremely tight junctions and interlocking uroplakins |
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Term
| What are features of the mucous lining interior to the urothelium? |
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Definition
| Made up of proteoglycans (protein + GAG), which are hydrophilic. If there is injury, these are the first destroyed. |
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Term
| How does the bladder expand? |
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Definition
| Vesicles in the umbrella cells merge with the membrane, allowing expansion. |
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Term
| How does the SNS tell the bladder to hold urine? |
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Definition
Stimulation of B2 on the detrusor muscle, allowing stretch and increase in volume
Alpha1 on the trigone and internal sphincter to constrict and hold in urine |
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Term
| How does the SNS and somatic tell the bladder to void urine? |
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Definition
M3 on detrusor and internal sphincter
Contraction of detrustor to squeeze bladder, relaxation of internal sphincter to allow voiding
Relaxation of Nm to allow voiding |
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Term
| What are symptoms and treatments of interstitial cystitis? |
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Definition
Decreased capacity, increased urination and pain due to injury to urothelium and breakdown of proteoglycans.
Potassium can penetrate and depolarize the membrane
- Treatments: Elmiron/Heparin replace GAGs, DMSO - anti-inflammatory. |
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