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Definition
| an individual's social characteristics determine political preferences |
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| combines basic social characteristics with psychology (attachment to parties, issue positions and candidate evaluations) |
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| political choice determines vote choice |
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| voters calculate how to cast votes based on cost/benefit analysis |
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Definition
| conducting a campaign in a stylistic fashion that defuses the polarizing effects of race by avoiding explicit reference to race specific issues, while emphasizing those issues that are perceived as racially transcendent, thus mobilizing a broad segment of the electorate for the purpose of capturing or maintaining public office |
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| the individual must display behavior that simultaneously gains the approval of the white community and the disapproval of the black community |
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| posits that in any local, congressional, state or national election in which the white vote is evenly divided, the black vote cast as a solid bloc can determine the outcome of the electoral contest |
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| the idea that religion depresses political activity |
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| black religion is based on the idea that blacks should bear the brunt of the physical world without complaint in the hope that they would go to a "greater reward" after death |
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Definition
| blacks represented by blacks are more participatory and politically efficacious than blacks who are not |
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| subjective or psychological empowerment |
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Definition
| blacks *feeling* better with black representatives |
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| blacks *actually* better off with black representatives |
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| a group of persons organized in a sustained, self-conscious challenge to an existing system and its values or power relationships |
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Definition
| a group of persons who share a common interest and seek to influence the government to adopt policies favorable to that interest (work within the existing system) |
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Term
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Definition
| involves two or more persons or groups bringing their resources together to achieve a common objective |
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Term
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| seeks to achieve universal freedom in terms of basic human, constitutional and legal rights (examples include the abolitionist and civil rights movement) |
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Definition
| seeks access to economic benefits such as land, education, employment and social security (examples include the populist movement, FDR New Deal coalition and Jesse Jackson Rainbow Coalition) |
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| issues that are framed as being important to every member in a group |
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| refer to concerns which disproportionately and directly affect only certain segments of a marginal group |
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Definition
| clearly identifiable groups whose members have continuously been denied access to dominant resources, barred from full participation in dominant institutions and defined as "others" living outside the norms and values agreed upon by society |
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Term
| judicial restraint or strict constructionism |
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Definition
| judges should look to the intent of the framers of the Constitution rather than applying their own political values or changing the Constitution to fit the needs of a changing society |
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Term
| judicial activism or loose construction |
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Definition
| that the intent of the framers on many issues is vague and unclear, and that the framers designed the constitution as a living document to be interpreted broadly to fit the needs of a changing society |
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Definition
| a vote that would allow blacks to choose a candidate of their own choice, which is presumed to mean of their own race (established by United Jewish Organization v. Carey) |
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| a variable which offers the thesis that political behavior, at either the individual or group level, is not independent of the political environment in which it occurs (examples: national leadership, ideological preferences, and public opinion on race and policy issues) |
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| descriptive representation |
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Definition
| the extent to which the legislature looks like the people in a democracy in a demographic sense |
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Term
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| concerns the extent to which people have confidence or trust in the legislature |
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Term
| substantive representation |
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Definition
| asks whether the laws passed by the legislature correspond to the policy interests or preferences of the people |
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Term
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Definition
| allocating of the 435 House seats among the states every 10 years |
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Definition
| the allocation of seats within a state every ten years |
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Definition
| believes in the inferiority of blacks |
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Definition
| supported the institutions of slavery and segregation |
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Definition
| record shows no positions on racial issues |
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Term
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Definition
| actions to race issues vary from antiracist to racial neutral |
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Term
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Definition
| record is characterized by actions to dismantle at least parts of the system of racial subordination |
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Definition
| whether a person has the stuff necessary to participate in politics |
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Definition
| the motivation to participate in politics |
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Term
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Definition
| whether or not people have been asked to participate in the political system |
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Term
| categorical marginalization |
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Definition
| practices that seek to exclude an entire class or group of people from any central control over dominant resources or institutions |
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| integrative marginalization |
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Definition
| work to maintain the relative power of dominant groups over marginal communities |
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Definition
| focuses on the heightened stratification of marginal communities; legal segregation and institutional subordination of marginal groups is removed |
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| secondary marginalization |
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Definition
| exercised by the more privileged members of marginal groups |
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Term
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Definition
| busing as a desegregation tool |
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Term
| United Jewish Organizations v. Carey |
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Definition
| established "effective vote" principle in the 1970s |
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Term
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Definition
| overrided the principles behind "effective vote" |
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