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BiSci004 test 1
first exam flash cards
108
Biology
Undergraduate 2
01/29/2012

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Term
What are the functions of proteins?
Definition
using enzymes to help speed up chemical reactions inside cells and serve as components of cell membranes, regulate gene expression, important structural components of cells, can function as chemical messengers
Term
What is the building block of protein? Which atoms does protein consist of?
Definition
amino acids are the building blocks and hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen
Term
How many amino acids are there? What are the essential amino acids?
Definition
20 and hydrogen, carbon and oxygen
Term
What bond joins amino acids? What gives amino acids unique properties?
Definition
peptide bonds, side groups
Term
Primary protein structure
Definition
the precise sequence of amino acids in a polypetide chain (covalent bonds)
Term
Secondary Protein Structure
Definition
comes about when the polypeptide folds into itself in a regular, repeated fashion (hydrogen bonds)
Term
2 folds of the secondary structure
Definition
alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets
Term
Tertiary Structure
Definition
when side groups interact to give the protein its globular three-dimensional shape (all 3 types of bonds)
Term
what parts of amino acids are usually interacting in this structure
Definition
side groups
Term
quarternary structure, subunits of this structure
Definition
three-dimensional structure created by the interaction of these changes, subunits are polypeptide chains and tertiary structure
Term
three types of lipids
Definition
fats, phospholipids and steroids
Term
function of fats
Definition
source of energy
Term
function of phospholipds
Definition
form cell membranes
Term
function of steroids
Definition
maintain the fluidity of membranes
Term
which fats are polar?
Definition
phospholipds
Term
which fats should be obtained from the diet?
Definition
essential fatty acids
Term
which fats have carbon double bonds
Definition
unsaturated fat
Term
what does saturated mean
Definition
do not double bond with other carbons, saturated in hydrogens
Term
which type of fat is better for your body
Definition
unsaturated
Term
which type of fat is solid and why
Definition
saturated fats/ absence of carbon-to-carbon double bonds
Term
vegetable oil?
Definition
unsaturated fat
Term
how do they make hydrogenated fat?
Definition
combining hydrogen gas with vegetable oils under pressure/ not healthy
Term
which steroid is present in animal cell membranes?
Definition
cholesterol
Term
function of DNA
Definition
storehouse of genetic information
Term
building blocks of DNA
Definition
AGCT nucleotides
Term
which type of bond keeps the 2 strands of dna together
Definition
hydrogen bonds
Term
four nucleotides the DNA is formed of? How do they pair with eachother?
Definition
adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine/ AT and GC
Term
nucelotides in RNA and single or double stranded
Definition
ACUG and single stranded
Term
DNA denaturing
Definition
process by which double-stranded DNA unwinds and separates into single-stranded strads through the breaking of hydrogen bonds
Term
DNA degradation
Definition
when DNA is not as strong
Term
What are minerals/ can they be synthesized by the body or should be consumed with food?
Definition
Necessary for proper fluid balance, muscle and nerve function, and building bones and teeth/ consumed with food
Term
what are proteins broken down into in digestive tract? fats? carbs?
Definition
amino acids/fatty acids and monoglycerides/glucose
Term
what is the function of antioxidants
Definition
protect cells and tissues from damage caused by highly reactive substances caused by free radicals
Term
secondary storage method for ATP, What is adipose tissue
Definition
store as fat, fat
Term
primary storage for excess energy that was not stored in ATP
Definition
glycogen in muscle and liver
Term
the use of ATP
Definition
supplies energy to cells
Term
how is energy released from an ATP molecule
Definition
like a spring and its released to preform work
Term
phosphorylation of a protein? purpose of phosphorylation?
Definition
addition of a phosphate and to give it more energy
Term
organelles
Definition
subcellular structures (organs of the cell)
Term
Which organelle contains the cellular genome
Definition
mitochondrian
Term
What is the cytosol? What is the cytoplasm
Definition
watery matrix containing salts and many of the enzymes required for cellular reactions/ cytosol and organelles
Term
What is the primary function of the mitochondria
Definition
energy-harvesting organelles sorrounded by two membranes
Term
What are lysosomes and what are their functions
Definition
membrane-enclosed sac that enzymes that degrade proteins, carbs and fats/ roam around the cell and engulf nutrients as well as dead and dying organelles
Term
Smooth and Rough ER
Definition

smooth: without ribosomes attached to it

rough: with robosomes attached to it

Term
function of ribosomes/location in the cell and what do they mostly consist of
Definition
work benches where amino acids are joined together to produce proteins/nucleus/in the cytosol
Term
Gogi apparatus
Definition
stack of membraneous sacs
Term
what are the vesicles made of and what do they transport
Definition
pinch off from the ER to fuse with the gogi apparatus/ proteins
Term
cytoskeleton and function
Definition
network of filaments and tubules found in the cytoplasm/ provides structural support and facilitates movement
Term
Which filaments start at cenrioles
Definition
microtubules
Term
main component of plasma membrane/ what else can be found in cellular membrane
Definition
isolates the cell's contents from the environment and serves as a barrier that determines which substances are allowed in and out of the cell/phosopholipid bilayer,protein and cholesterol
Term
polar and non-polar parts of a phospholipid/ which part is facing water and which is not
Definition
heads are polar and tails non-polar, head exposed to water and tail not
Term
Membrane proteins
Definition

transport proteins:help move substances towards one side of the membrane to the other side

glycoproteins: proteins with short carbohydrate chains attached

Term
diffusion
Definition
movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration, does not require energy
Term
Which types of molecules cannot diffuse through the membrane?
Definition
hydrophillic molecules and charged molecules/non-polar molecules
Term
facilitated diffusion
Definition
the type of transport that does not require an imput of energy from the cell/ passive
Term
what kind of molecule does faciliatated diffusion require/ is the energy from ATP needed for it?
Definition
polar molecules and no
Term
How are hydrophilic and charged molecules transported across membranes?
Definition
transported across membranes by proteins embedded in lipid bilayer
Term
osmosis
Definition
movement of water across a membrane
Term
hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic
Definition
hypertonic:solution contains a higher concentration of dissolved solute than the cell
hypotonic:concentration of dissolved solute is greater inside the cell than outside and water will enter by osmosis
isotonic:equal concentration of solutes and water on both sides of the cell's membrane
Term
In which solution does the cell shrink? In which solution does it burst?
Definition
hypertonic/hypotonic
Term
Which kind of transport requires energy input from ATP? Why is this kind of transport required?
Definition
active transport, to maintain the difference in concetration across the membrane
Term
exocytosis and endocytosis
Definition

exocytosis:occurs when a membrane bounded vesicle carrying some substances fuses with the plasma membrane and secretes it contents into the exterior of the cell

endocytosis:occurs when a substance is brought into the cell and the plasma membrane buds inward bringing the substance with it

Term
what kind of molecules are transported in this method?
Definition
bulk transport of many molecules
Term
enzyme
Definition
proteins that speed up the rate of reactions
Term
substrate
Definition
chemicals that are metabolized by an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
Term
active site
Definition
region of the enzyme where the substrate binds
Term
specificity
Definition
phenonmenon of enzyme shape determining the reaction the enzyme catalyzes
Term
cellular respiration
Definition
metabolic reactions occuring in cells that result in the oxidation of macromolecules to produce ATP
Term
what molecule's bonds are broken during cellular respiration/what is produced/what are by-products
Definition
electrons chemical bonds/oxygen/carbon dioxide
Term
where is the glucose molecule broken down first?what is the name of this reaction?
Definition
mitochondria/glycolisis
Term
where do the rest of the reactions breaking down glucose take place? what enzyme synthesizes ATP?
Definition
fluid cytosol/synthase
Term
what happens to the extra protein in our body? when is it used for energy
Definition
it is not stored in the body, is broken down into amino acids which are then used to make new proteins/when there is no fats or carbs
Term
anaerobic respiration
Definition
when cells generate energy is the absence of oxygen
Term
other term to describe anaerobic respiration and what is the by-product of this process
Definition
Anaerobiosis/lactic acid
Term
  1. In the absence of oxygen, what alternative forms of respiration do muscles use to produce energy?
Definition
fermentation, anaerobic respiration
Term
metabolism
Definition
all chemical reactions occuring in the body
Term
calorie
Definition
amound of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree C
Term
basal metabolic rate
Definition
resting energy use of an awake, alert person
Term
anorexia/complications
Definition
self-starvation/lack of menstration, sterlility and osteoperosis
Term
transcription
Definition
production of an RNA copy of the protein coding DNA gene sequence
Term
are both strands of DNA transcribed?
Definition
yes
Term
is RNA double stranded?
Definition
no
Term
where does transcription occur? where is the RNA transported to after the transcription? what enzyme synthesizes RNA
Definition
nucleus/to ride the DNA molecule and unzip the double helix (mRNA)/RNA polymerase
Term
differences between RNA and DNA
Definition

DNA:ATCG,double stranded, contains chemical code that must be transcribed

RNA:AUCG, single stranded

Term
gene
Definition
descrete unit of heritable information about genetic traits, consisists of  sequence of DNA that codes for a specific polypeptide
Term
chromosomes
Definition
subcellular structure composed of long single molecule of DNA and associated proteins, housed inside the nuclelus
Term
genome
Definition
entire suite of genes present in an organism
Term
functions of proteins
Definition
antibodies, enzymes, hormonal, structural, store energy
Term
protein synthesis and what are they composed of?
Definition
joining amino acids together, in an order directed by a gene to produce a protein
Term

What part of DNA does RNA polymerase recognize and bind to

Definition
the promoter: the nucelotide sequence at the begining of the gene
Term
introns and extrons
Definition

introns: intervening sequences which correspond to sequences of DNA that don't code for proteins (removed from the completed RNA)

extrons: which carry the protein-building instructions

Term
where does protein synthesis take place/what enzyme is required for this/ what 2 types of RNA are involved in this
Definition
ribosomes in the nucleus/RNA polymerase/ribosomal RNA and Transfer RNA
Term
which type of RNA serves as a template for protein synthesis
Definition
messenger RNA
Term

Which RNA brings specific amino acids to appropriate positions to form the protein

Definition
transfer RNA
Term
how many nucleotides form one codon?
Definition
3
Term
what are anticodons and where are they located
Definition
region of tRNA that binds to an mRNA codon, located at the base of the tRNA
Term
how do anticodons assist the process of translation
Definition
when a tRNA anticodon binds to the mRNA codon, a covalent peptide bond is formed between amino acids
Term
what ends the process of translation
Definition
when many amino acids are joinied together and the required protein is produced
Term
is there an amino acid for this sequence?
Definition
yes
Term
what is the genetic code
Definition
shows which mRNA codons code for which amino acids
Term
how many amino acids does each codon code for? is the genetic code universal
Definition
1 and yes
Term
mutation
Definition
changes to the dna sequence
Term
point mutation
Definition
a single nucleotide change or deletion
Term
missense mutation
Definition
– when a point mutation results in substituting one amino acid for another
Term
nonsense mutation
Definition
changes the codon to a stop codon, resulting in an abbreviated protein
Term
Neutral mutation
Definition
a mutation that does not affect a protein. The genetic code is redundant; several codons may code for the same amino acid = neutral mutation.
Term
frameshift mutation
Definition
inserting or deleting a nucelotide
Term
recombiant proteins
Definition
bacteria synthesized this protein in huge amounts, protein is purified from bacteria, isolated from other organism
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