Essential Nutrients (Animals)

-Required in diet of many animals

-Required for building Proteins but cannot be synthesized by Animal cells

-Animal: Is complete and has all essential Amino Acids -Plant: Is incomplete and does not have all essential Amino Acids

-Vegetarians must find ways to balance types of plants to keep a adequate intake of all essential Amino Acids

-Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (Linoleic Acid)

-Minerals

-Vitamins

-Animals that eat animals or animal products to provide essential nutrients

-Predators: Attack Prey and eat (Cheetahs)

-Scavengers: Eat already dead prey (Vultures)

-Aquatic animals which sift water to filter out the organic matter and get rid of the rest

-Shelled Mollusks, Ballen Whales

-Lick or suck fluid from plants or animals to intake essential nutrients

-Use Specialized mouths to suck blood of animals or nutrient-rich nectar of plants

-Occurs only in very simple invertebrates (Sponges, Single-Celled Organisms)

-Phagocytosis of food particles directly into a cell

-Inside the vacuoles, enzymes digest into monomers, monomers leave vacuole, used directly by that cell

-Allows consumption of large items

-Food enters digestive cavity, slowly digested, absorbed gradually over long periods of time (hours-weeks)

-Has a opening that serves as a entry and exit port for food

-Food is partially digested by enzymes, then when small enough phagocytosed by the lining cells and digested

-Simplest form of extracellular digestion

-Mouth

-Gizzard

-Stomach

-Crop

-Stomach

-Intestine

-Accessory Organs

-Ceca(um) (Some Insects)

-Intestine

      >Infolding, Spiral Valve

      >Villi, Microvilli

-Cellulose Digestion: S.I. and Cecum are longer B/C it allows more time for plant material to be digested and absorbed

-Abomasum (Ruminant)- digestion by acid and pepsin takes place and connects with the S.I.

-Many are secreted as Zymogens

     >Activated in the Gut (Pepsinogen)

     >Some are secreted to S.I. by Pancreas *These function as proteolytic enzymes

-Mouth - Salivary amylase

      > Produces Maltose

-Stomach - HCL, Mucus, Pepsinogen

      > Activates Enzymes, Coats Cell, and large peptides

-S.I. (gallbladder) - Bile, Salts, and Phospholipids

      >Emulsifies Fat

-Pancreas - Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Lipase, Amylase, NaCHO3

      >Products/Roles include: Peptides, Amino Acids, Fatty Acids & monoglycerides, Maltose, Neutralizer

-S.I. Mucosa - Aminopeptidase, Dipeptides, Disaccharides

      >Products include: Amino Acids, Monosaccharides

-Monosaccharides, Amino Acids

      >Some Diffusion, Mostly Active Transport

      >Absorbed Into Capillaries -Monoglyc, Fatty Acids

      >Triglycerides form Chylomicrons in epithelial cell

      >Absorbed into Lymph

-Lymph empties into blood

-Lipase hydrolyzes triglycerides

-Products are taken up by other cells

      >Adipose Cell: Fat Storage >Other Cells: Energy Use  

      >Liver: Store or make into Lipoproteins

-Circulation from gut to liver allows direct processing of glucose

-2 Capillary beds

      >Hepatic Vein

      >Hepatic Portal Vein

-During/After Meal: High Glucose, Absorptive period

-4 hours after Meal: Post absorptive period

-Long Time after Meal: Emergencies, Stress

      >Make more glucose for Nervous System

      >Other cells use fats

-Nervous and Endocrine system maintain glucose for Nervous System function

      >Fats and other tissues are used by other systems to spare glucose for N.S.

-If Blood Glucose Falls

      1. Adrenal Gland -> Adrenalin

          Pancreas -> Glucagon

      2. Hormones act on liver

      3. Glycogen -> Glucose

          Glycerol -> Glucose

          Amino Acids -> Glucose

          Fatty Acids -> Ketones

      4. Glucose and Ketones are released into blood