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Definition
*scala naturae
*discrete, unchanging (essentialism)
*everything derived from study of geometry
*variation provides raw material for evolution |
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| Geologists said earth was older by |
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Definition
*gradual sedimentation produced thick rock layers
*gradual erosion, produced deep valleys |
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| Jean Baptiste de Lamarck theories |
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Definition
*fossils linked through different sedimentary deposits leading to now forms
*evolution gradual, long time
*changing environment= changing evolution
*reject essentialism
*evolution slow
*evolution occurs because strive for perfection |
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| Evolution by NS produces complexity because |
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Definition
| *blind process produces adaptations which accumulates over long time |
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Definition
| *religious chain of beings rather than adaptation |
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Definition
*showed the world was changing
*deeper strata showed more extinct animals
*shallow strata was more modern animals
*fish-reptiles-birds: shallower sedimentary |
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| Darwin and Wallace Theories |
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Definition
*evolution occurs as automatic process that produces adaptation
*Lamarack was incorrect spontaneous generation
*Lamarck correct about long time evolution |
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Definition
| *organisms derived from single first appearance |
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Definition
*rejected blending
*no inheritance= no evolution |
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Definition
*Inheritance blending or particulate
*accepted particulate
*A1A2 heterozygotes produce two types of gametes, one carrying the A1 allele and the other carrying the A2 allele |
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Definition
*Independent Assortment
*different chromosomes move independent
*genetic recombination |
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Definition
*meiosis + fertilization, only homologous
*crossing over |
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Definition
*reside close on same chromosome
*autozomal
*does not satify 2nd law |
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| Darwin proposed NS but did not understand |
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Definition
* if inheritance was blending, NS would be ineffective in producing evolutionary change
*if inheritance occurred through a particulate mechanism, NS would be effective in producing evolutionary change |
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Term
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Definition
*during DNA replication
*most important source of genetic variation
*inherited by germ cells |
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Term
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Definition
Assume:
1) Lrg Population
2) Random mating
3) No gene flow
4) No on-going mutation
5) No selection (no diff in repro success) |
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Term
| Change heterozygote as frquency A allele changes |
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Definition
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Term
| Move from relative freq to absolute frequency |
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Definition
| divide by the sum of the relative frequencies |
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Term
| Selection against dominant allele |
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Definition
*rapidly drive the allele frequency to zero, because selection is so strong (s = 1)
*produce equilibrium genotype frequencies that are predicted by the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
*generate increased genetic variability in the population, much like mutation
* produce the most rapid changes in allele frequencies when the initial frequency of the recessive allele is low |
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Term
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Definition
*population bottleneck
*founder effect |
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Definition
*pop becomes small quickly
*catastrophic event
*alleles lost, genetic variation dec |
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Definition
*colonize new location speaparte from original
*reduced pop size, red genetic vary |
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| Genetic drfit: small population |
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Definition
| greater effect b/c gene pool small |
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Term
| Influences of genetic drift |
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Definition
*population bottleneck after catastrophe
*low pop size
*founder event |
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Definition
Genetic Drift: both pheno on separate islands
NS: one phenotype more favored |
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Term
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Definition
*no change in mean
* increase in variance
*allows Random mating to produce low-fitness intermediate phenotypes
*fitness values are highest for individuals whose trait values are closest to the mean |
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Definition
*no change in mean
*decrease in variance |
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Definition
*change in mean
*little change in varince
*ind @ one end has more fitness than ind @ other end |
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| Frequency distributions of phenotypic traits |
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Definition
*bell shaped curve
*environmental effects produce variation in trait value |
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Definition
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| predators evovle resistance slower than prey |
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Definition
| *predators that survive exposure to an insecticide may have a low fitness, because their insect prey population may be eliminated by the insecticide |
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Term
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Definition
| *produces a protein that is toxic to some insects but not to vertebrates |
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Definition
*non transgenic
*represent a source population that can produce susceptible individuals that migrate into transgenic field |
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Definition
*greater per capita competitive effect with other species
*inter
*same food, diff quant |
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Definition
*same size
*eat different things
*intra |
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Definition
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Definition
*conversion efficiency from prey-pred
*the number of predator births occurring for each prey consumed |
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Term
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Definition
| pred per capita death rate |
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Term
| Prey lost from population |
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Definition
1) death
2) emigration
3) eaten by predator |
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Definition
[image]
density dependent
positive feedback
not good regulator |
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Term
| Selection against a recessive lethal allele weakens as the frequency of the recessive allele approaches zero because |
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Definition
| c. selection can only act on the lethal allele when it is in a homozygote, and homozygous individuals become very rare as the recessive allele’s frequency drops |
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Term
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Definition
*detoxification, target site initiated
*detox fail
*stable source of immigrating crop pests that are nearly all genotype SS
*any RR individuals that survive exposure to the toxin being likely to mate with SS individuals, producing RS offspring *initial frequency of the R allele be low enough that RR individuals are not common
*resistance evolution is slowed by expressing a toxin dose that is sufficiently high to kill the rare individuals that are heterozygous for the resistance-conferring allele (RS individuals) |
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Term
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Definition
SS- susceptible
RS- resistant
RR-resistant |
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Term
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Definition
SS- susceptible
RS- susceptible
RR- resistant |
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Term
| Selection against a deleterious recessive allele |
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Definition
*acts against homozygotes that carry two copies of the deleterious recessive allele
*“slow down” as the frequency of the allele gets very small
*when the allele is rare in natural selection |
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Term
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Definition
| *can contribute to changes in allele frequencies, even when those same alleles are influenced by natural selection |
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Term
| Population dynamics of predators and their prey |
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Definition
| *often involve negative feedback cycles, but with a time-lag, resulting in cycles of prey and predator populations over time. |
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Term
| Reciprocal adaptations in herbivores and plants |
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Definition
| exhibit a stepwise coevolutionary process of adaptation and counter-adaptation |
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| predatory insects rarely evolve resistance |
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Definition
*herbivorous insects that survive an insecticide application are expected to have high fitness
*predatory insects that survive an insecticide application may still have a low fitness |
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Definition
*can evolve when the ‘model’ species is defended (e.g., by toxic chemicals), but the ‘mimic’ is not
*can evolve when multiple defended species evolve to resemble each other |
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Term
| Zero growth isoclines for interspecific competition and predator-prey interactions |
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Definition
*are lines along which that population’s growth rate is expected to be zero
*separate an x-y plot into two regions, one in which the population is expected to grow and the other in which the population is expected to shrink |
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Term
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Definition
| *can cause different genes residing very far apart on the same chromosome to exhibit independent assortment, or at least approach the condition of independent assortment |
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Term
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Definition
* strong immigration of susceptible individuals from a nearby crop field that does not produce the protein toxin
*a dose of the toxin that is high enough to kill individuals with genotype RS (i.e., heterozygotes carrying one resistance-conferring allele and one susceptibility-conferring allele)
*matings between rare RR individuals and SS individuals, producing RS offspring
*a dose of the toxin that is high enough to kill RS individuals and most of the rare RR individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| *the population has a single stable equilibrium where the birth rate and the emigration rates are equal |
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Term
| Violate pattern of mendelian inheritance |
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Definition
*when two genes are found close together on the same autosome (autosomal linkage)
*when genes of interest are found on sex chromosomes |
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Term
| Insecticide resistance is less likely to evolve in populations of predatory insects |
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Definition
| *predators that survive an insecticide application may still have low fitness, because they may have no prey to eat |
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