Term
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relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem function |
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Definition
x: biodiversity
y: ecosystem function
Best Case
Ecosystem function declines only slightly in response to moderate loss of biodiversity
widely supported by experimental evidence |
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Term
[image]
relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem function |
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Definition
x: biodiversity
y: ecosystem function
Worse Case
Even very slight declines in biodiversity cause major loss of ecosystem function |
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Term
[image]
relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem function |
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Definition
x: biodiversity
y: ecosystem function
OK; not most ideal |
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Definition
| This sort of function is typical for any compound (or process) that is not needed by the organism (performance is maximal when the intensity of the condition is zero), but that becomes toxic when present in high concentrations. Examples include organic or inorganic toxins (e.g., pesticides, chemical pollutants) or ionizing radiation. |
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| This sort of function is typical for any condition that is optimal at intermediate values, but for which organismal performance declines at very low intensities or very high intensities. Examples include temperature, pH, and some macronutrients or major resources that can become injurious or toxic when present at very high levels (e.g., light for plants). |
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| any essential micronutrient (NaCl, Cu, Zn, B, Mn, Mo). This sort of function is typical for any condition that is required at very lowlevels but which eventually becomes toxic at high concentrations. |
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Definition
photosynthetic rate of a plant changes with increasing light intensity
**NOTE X,Y AXIS |
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| Liebig’s Law of the Minimum to plant fitness |
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Definition
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minimum number of seeds that the plant could produce over its lifetime |
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maximum number of seeds that the plant could produce over its lifetime |
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| optimal allocation to leaves would change if the environmental availability of light suddenly decreased by approximately 50% |
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lx-(lx+1)/lx
Mortality Rate Per Day
1-2/1 |
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Definition
Proportion of original cohort surviving to reach age x
divide each by row 1, column 2 |
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Definition
mortality rate of the plants versus plant age
** DO NOT INCLUDE LAST ROW |
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birth rate versus population density for a sexually reproducing organism in which mates become hard to find at low population densities
**NOTE X,Y AXIS |
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Population growth versus time in which you contrast two population growth cures: (a) one in which the population grows following ΔN/Δt = rN.
(b) one in which the population growsfollowing ΔN/Δt = rN(1-N/K).
*Assume that the populations start at a very small size (near zero), that r> 0, and that the carrying capacity, K, is 50. |
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Definition
two large tadpoles are acting independently of one another, the probability that the small tadpole survives exposure to BOTH tadpoles is (1-p)•(1-p) = (1-p)2, and the probability of cannibalism is therefore [1 -(1-p)2].
p = 0.10 |
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Basic Reproductive Rate
Ro > 1 : population grows
Ro = 1 : population replaced
Ro < 1 : population decreased |
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| any trait (structural, physiological, or behavioral) thatenhances the reproductive success of an organism in its environment. |
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| conditions are necessary and sufficient for the process of evolution by natural selection |
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Definition
1.Phenotypic variation. There must be variation in the traits (structural, physiological, or behavioral) expressed within a population of the focal organism.
2.Inheritance. The variation in the phenotype must be passed on from parents to offspring, such that offspring resemble their parents. (Note: the resemblance need not be perfect.)
3.Differential reproductive success. Certain heritable variants must have a greater mean expectation of reproductive success than other heritable variants. |
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| Bacterial cells can exchange genes |
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Definition
bacterial conjugation
transformation
transduction |
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Definition
| probably the most important mechanism. Bacteria are brought into close contact (by sex pili) and a small cytoplasmic bridge is formed between the two cells, through which part or all of a single strand of DNA is passed from the donor cell to the recipient cell. Through genetic recombination,the donor DNA can be incorporated stably into the recipient cell’s chromosome. Plasmids are generally involved, and may carry genes conferring novel abilities to use special carbon sources or be resistant to antibiotics. |
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| DNA leaks out of a dead bacterial cell and is taken up as free DNA by living cells and incorporated into their chromosome. |
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| a bacteriophage ‘accidentally’ packages up a part of the host (bacterial) chromosome instead of the viral genome. The bacteriophage can then inject the bacterial DNA into another bacterium, and the transferred DNA can be incorporated stably into the recipient bacterium’s chromosome. |
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| bacteria and fungi produce antibiotics |
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Definition
| competing with other microorganisms for access to food resources |
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| major ecosystem services that can be described as “provisioning” |
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Definition
1) Food: Inc
2) Water: Dec
3) Wood
4) Biofuels: Inc
5) Genetic Resource: Dec |
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water is being used faster than it is replenished
systems become compacted, irreversible |
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may be recommended after a course of antibiotics to aid in the re-colonization of the patient’s body by beneficial bacteria
help compete with pathogen |
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| full diversity of life on Earth, including the diversity of all organisms in all habitats and at different levels of biological organization |
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Term
| difficult to know whether or not an environmental perturbation has caused extinction and thereby reduced species-level biodiversity |
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Definition
1) much of the species-level biodiversity present on earth has not yet been described
(2) it is hard to know with certainty whether a given species has actually gone extinct, or whether instead its densities have declined to such low levels that it is simply hard to document its continued existence. |
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measures biodiversity
incorporates the evenness of the different species’ abundances |
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Definition
| metabolically-generated heat is the predominant source of warmth |
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Term
| structure of an enzyme ‘tunes’ that enzyme to function optimally at a particular temperature |
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Definition
| To function properly, enzymes need to maintain a proper shape, but cannot be entirely rigid either, because conformational changes are often a key part of enzyme function.So, to work right, enzymes need just the right amount of flexibility. |
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Term
| Enzyme Structure in Warm Climates |
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Definition
More rigid
*the kinetic energy of the atoms that make up the protein molecule is greater, and therefore more (or stronger) chemical bonds are needed to maintain the shape of the enzyme |
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| Enzyme Structure in Cold Climates |
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Definition
More Flexible
*Fewer Bonds needed |
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Term
| visible light in the violet-blue and orange-red wavelengths (400-500 and 600-700 nm) |
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Definition
| wavelengths of light that are most important in providing the energy for photosynthesis |
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| A system with strong negative feedback is likely to respond to an experimental perturbation |
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Definition
| by tending to move the system back to its original equilibrium |
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*Involves an approximately equal sharing of resources among consumers
*can have a very strong influence on population growth rates |
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*Exactly compensating density dependence
*occurs when the number of individuals surviving competition is constant across a range of high values of initial number of competitors |
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| density-dependent immigration to the recipient population |
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Definition
| CONSTANT NUMBER of immigrants colonizes a recipient population each year, and the recipient population’s size varies from year to year, this generates |
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| proposed that the natural world contains a number of discrete and unchanging forms |
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| geologists in the 1700’s and 1800’s |
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Definition
*helped establish earth was older
*sedimentation was gradual, but had produced very thick layers of rock
*erosion was gradual, but had produced very deep valleys |
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Definition
* arguing that fossils forms could be linked through different sedimentary deposits, and leading to currently living forms
* hypothesizing that evolution proceeded gradually over a very long time frame
*suggesting that changing environmental conditions could be a cause of evolutionary change
*rejecting central aspects of the theory of essentialism |
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*Plato
*“great chain of being”
* |
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*Theory of NS
*explained how evolution could occur as an automatic process that could produce adaptation |
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| seeds worth of water harvested |
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Definition
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| seeds worth of light harvested |
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Definition
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| Density Dependent Immigration |
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Definition
more movement when recipient has less competition
Big pop -> small pop |
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1) Exploitative -> scramble -> over compensating density dependence
2) Interference -> Contest -> Exactly Compensating Density Dependence |
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| Regulating Services (Abiotic) |
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Definition
CLimate
Air Quality
Flood Regulation
Erosion Regulation |
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| Regulating Services (Biotic) |
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Definition
Disease Regulation
Pest Regulation
Pollination Service
Human Produced Hazard Regulation |
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Definition
| loss of genetic resources |
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| Features that help stablaize the environmenet |
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Definition
help compete with pathogen
(Ex. Clostidium dificille) |
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does not capture relative proportions
(Ex. # of different types of species: A, B,C =3) |
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| one species does most of work; extinction causes loss of star species |
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| need everybody to do special job for ecosystem function |
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| Minimize impact of diseased centers |
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| Set of environmental conditions combined with the availability of key resources that must be satisfied simultaneously in order to grow and repro |
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not instantly sometimes
adjusting to temperture/ abiotic conditions |
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Natural compounds from fungi/ bacteria
Inhibit growth + alter natural processes |
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small circular DNa molecules not integrated
highly mobile
can be picked up by bacteriophages |
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| How many children, reproductive success |
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| slow down in reproductive success, causes struggle for existence |
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Marine- pH drop, CO2 in air absorbed by oceans, intereferes CaCarbonate form
Terrestrial- Hot earth: visibile light from sun radiated as infrared absorbed by CO2 and trapped |
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| anything needed by organism for growth, used up and no longer available for use |
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1) Autotrophs
A)Photoautotrophs
B) Chemoautotrophs
2)Heterotrophs |
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| oxidize inorganic compounds |
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| 6H2O + 6CO2 + light -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
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WL: 100-400 nm
*sunburn
*used in photosynthesis |
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Definition
WL: >700 nm
*photosynthetically active radiation |
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| Photosynthetically Active Radiation |
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Definition
capture pigments
absorbs orange/ red light
violet -> purp
green reflected: green plants |
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| One genotype produces multiple phenotypes |
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pores in leaves allow CO2 in
guard cells
loses H2O in transpiration |
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| leaves lose water when stomata open |
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explore soil
look for elements |
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can use energy 1 at a time
either this or that |
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| amount of light plant can capture if 100% effort is in making leaves |
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| amount of water plant can capture if 100% effort is in making leaves |
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| group of species born around the same time |
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| proportion cohort surviving to age x |
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| Project population growth |
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| heavier investment in repair, produce gametes, never senesed |
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never produce gametes
only need to function for 1 generation
disposable
accumulate damage |
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body rips in half
both parts generate
Every cell involved in reproduction
never dies |
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breaks off
regenerates parts |
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returns towards equillibrium
creates output influences ongoing turnign of process
*must be stronger |
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| has stimulatory/ accelerated effect w/ ongoing processs |
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interaction between individuals brought about by shared requirement for resource
leads to reduction in performance in some competing individuals |
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no direct interaction with competitors
expressed indirectly by consumption |
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| shared resource divided equally |
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| Shared resource dicided highly unequal |
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| how many competitors start vs how many die |
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populations converge
highest density of species the environment can stably support |
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| most effective expression of intraspecific competition |
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pop density high -> cannibalism
pop density low -> no cannibalism |
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Essentialism
Great Chain of Being |
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number of unchanigng emphases
emphasizes constancy and discontinuity |
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| Jean Baptiste de Lamarack |
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Definition
WHAT: Spontaneous generation
WHY: Engien was intrinsic to organism to strive for perfection
HOW: inheritance of acquired characteristics
-organ strengthened by use
- acquired forms heritable x |
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| Charles Darwin + Alfred Wallace |
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Definition
Theory of Natural Selection
Common ancestor
3 reasons for NS |
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Babylonians
Aristotle
Scientists- reciprocal cross; inheritance blending process
* Plant A (M) + Plant B (F) = Plant C
* Plant A (F) + Plant B (M) = Plant C
- males not dominant |
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resource-weighted estimate vs
consumer weighted density estimate |
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Definition
UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION
both numbers equal
SCATTERED DISTRIBUTION
consumer weighted more accurate |
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| an increase in mortality rate per day or decrease in birth rate as individuals get older |
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| an increase in mortality rate per day or decrease in birth rate as individuals get older |
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