Term
| Cross section of spinal cord |
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Definition
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Term
| Medulla obloganta: where is it located and what is its function? |
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Definition
-stimulates the vomiting reflex
-brain stem |
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Term
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Definition
| motor coordination and reflexes |
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Term
| What if polio targets the neurons in the ventral horns? |
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Definition
| will cause inflammation that can lead to paralysis since it is apart of the spinal cord |
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Term
| What is a typical spinal reflex? |
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Definition
| stimulus --> sends sensory info along afferent fibers --> through dorsal root of the spinal cord --> stimulates an interneuron --> interneuron in turn stimulates a motor neuron --> sends command thru. efferent fibers out of the ventral root to an effector cell |
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Term
| What is consisted in gray matter? |
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Definition
1. Dorsal horns
2. Ventral horns
3. Lateral horns |
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Term
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Definition
-it is bilateral, one on each hemisphere
-a relay station some motor pathways |
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Term
| 7 Functions of the Hypothalamus |
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Definition
1) bio clock
2) regulates osmotic gradients
3) uterine and breast contraction by oxytocin
4) thermostat regulation
5) sympathetic reflexes as part of the
autonomic nervous system
6) appetite regulation
7) sex behaviors |
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Term
| What disease is associated with the basal ganglia? |
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Definition
| Parkinson's disease: a decrease secretion of dopamine causing motor dysfunction |
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Term
| What is cingulated cyrus associated with and where? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the hippocampus associated with and where? |
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Definition
-learning and memory
-limbic system |
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Term
| What happens if the frontal lobe is damaged? |
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Definition
| -Phineas Gage - shifted persinality from pleasant/patient --> unpleasant and tempered |
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Term
| What is the parietal lobe? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the temperal lobe? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the occipital lobe? |
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Definition
-visual cortex
-receives input form each eye; creates overlapping images --> allows us to see in 3-D |
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Term
| What is the frontal lobe? |
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Definition
-planning and personality
-primary motor cortex: origin of volunteer movement |
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Term
| What happens if the occipital lobe is damage? |
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Definition
| -blind even if nothing is wrong with the optic nerve or eyes |
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Term
| Damage to the Broca's area |
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Definition
inabilitiy to speak (or with great difficulty)
-the area generates the word patterns and sends the info to the motor cortex to enact |
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Term
| damage to Wenicke's area? |
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Definition
| - inability to comprehend lanaguage |
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Term
| What is the speaking a written word pathway? |
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Definition
| read word --> visual cortex --> Wernicke's area --> Broca's area --> motor cortex |
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Term
| What is the speaking a heard word pathway |
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Definition
| Hear word --> auditory cortex --> wernicke's area --> broca's area --> motor cortex |
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Term
| What are tonic receptors? |
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Definition
| -maintains response to stimuli for the duration of the stimuli |
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Term
| What are phasic receptors? Give an example |
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Definition
-only responds when a stimulus starts or stops
ex. when you first sit down or when you first walk to into a stinky restroom |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Damage to the white matter on the right side of the medulla....what 2 things will happen? |
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Definition
-there will be a decrease in pain/temperature sensation from the left side of the body
-also there will be a decrease in the fine touch/propriception in the right side of the body |
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Term
| Why does slow pain disappear when you rube your hand? |
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Definition
-there are some touch pathway which can inhibit pain pathways
-in the absence of a pain stimulus there is tonic inactibation of the C fibers by an inhibitory interneurons
-With a strong pain, the C fibers will be activated, which will, in turn inhibit the inhibitory interneuron --> strong pain stimulus --> pain |
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Term
| What if you shake your hand? touch your hand? |
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Definition
| -the touch fibers wil send signals along A-beta fibers which will positively stimulate the inhibitory interneurons; so even with C fiber activations, the painful stimuli will be decreased |
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Term
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Definition
| fast fibers that enter through the dorsal root, ascend up the spinal cord and cross to the contraleteral side in the medulla and they then travel thru. the thalamus and end at the somatosensory cortex |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| contain autonmics neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| -contains centers which regulate eye movement/reflexes |
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Term
| What else does the midbrain involve? |
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Definition
-arousal/sleep
-conscious/awake |
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Term
| What is the corpus callosum? |
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Definition
| white matter; axons which communicate between the two hemispheres of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -fear, anxiety, aggression, intense emotions (+/-) |
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Term
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Definition
| -inability to generate spoken words |
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Term
| Heart: Sympathetic/ Parasympathetic |
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Definition
Symapthetic: Increase heart rate and contractility
Parasympathetic: decrease heart rate and contractility |
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Term
| Metabolism: Sympathetic/ Parasympathetic |
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Definition
Sympathetic: increase glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and lipolysis
Parasympathetic: NO EFFECT |
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Term
| Sweat Glands: Sympathetic/ Parasympathetic |
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Definition
Sympathetic: increasing sweating
Parasympathetic: NO EFFECT |
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Term
| Bronchioles: Sympathetic/ Parasympathetic |
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Definition
Sympathetic: Bronchodiation
Parasympathetic: Bronchonstriction, increase in mucous secretion |
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Term
| Arteries: Sympathetic/ Parasympathetic |
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Definition
Sympathetic: Vasodilation to muscles, lungs, heart, and vasoconstriction to GI and skin
Parasympathetic: NO EFFECT |
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Term
| Pupils: Sympathetic/ Parasympathetic |
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Definition
Sympathetic: Dilation
Parasympathetic: Constriction and increasing focus of lens |
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Term
| GI Tract: Sympathetic/ Parasympathetic |
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Definition
Sympathetic: inhibits
Parasympathetic: increase motility & secretion |
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Term
| Salivary Glands: Sympathetic/ Parasympathetic |
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Definition
Sympathetic: Decrease secretion (dry mouth)
Parasympathetic: increase secretion |
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Term
| Male Reproductive Organs: Sympathetic/ Parasympathetic |
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Definition
Sympathetic: orgasm
Parasympathetic: arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| -it blocks muscarinic ACh receptors which dilate the pupils when dropped in the eye |
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Term
| NE is reabsorbed into the pre-synaptic via 2nd active transport where either???? |
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Definition
-can be reloaded into vesicles
-can be broken down by MAO |
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Term
| Parasympathetic post ganglionic neurons secrete _______ onto target organ musarinic receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| The synapse onto smooth muscle cells in the form of "_________" |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons mechanism? |
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Definition
| AP at varicosity --> depolarization opens Ca2+ channels --> NE released into terminal --> NE binds target --> activates G proteins --> effect |
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