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Biotechnology
Mastering Biology Chapter 20
28
Biology
Undergraduate 1
12/08/2012

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Term
Biotechnology
Definition
the manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products
Term
Genetic Engineering
Definition
the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes
Term
Recombinant DNA
Definition
DNA molecules formed by combining DNA segments from two different sources
Term
Plasmids
Definition
small circular DNA molecules in bacteria that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosomes used in cloning
Term
Restriction site
Definition
each bacterial restriction enzyme has a specific place it cuts the DNA
Term
Various applications for cloning DNA
Definition
creating human growth hormone, proteins to dissolve blood clots, genes for pest resistance in plants
Term
Restriction Fragments
Definition
pieces of DNA of varying lengths that was cut off using the restriction enzymes
Term
DNA Ligase
Definition
enzymes that make reformed DNA segments permanent
Term
Sticky ends
Definition
single stranded end of restriction fragments that binds to complementary fragments
Term
Cloning Eukaryote Genes
Definition
Isolate gene and plasmid,cut with same restriction enzyme, mix together to create recombiant DNA
Term
Genome Libraries
Definition
the collection of recombinant clones produced from DNA fragments of an entire genome
Term
cDNA library
Definition
library that representsa part of the genome that is a complementary clone made by reverse transcriptase
Term
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Definition
Three step cloning process that includes heating, cooling and replicating DNA
Term
3 PCR Cycles yields how many molecules
Definition
8
Term
DNA cloning allows researchers to
Definition
compare genes/alleles, locate gene expression, determine role of gene
Term
Gel Electrophorisis
Definition
uses gel to separate proteins and nucleic acids by size and electrical charge, a current is applied that moves DNA through gel by size
Term
Restriction Fragment Analysis
Definition
Uses restriction fragments in gel electrophorisis to compare two different DNA
Term
RFLP
Definition
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms
Term
DNA sequencing using dideoxy chain termination method
Definition
DNA fragments copied with a stopper insterted at random points which idenifies the nucleic acid so the a computer can analzye and record it
Term
Short Tandem Repeats
Definition
variations in the number of repeats of specific DNA sequences
Term
Maristem
Definition
the cells in plants that are required for plant cloning
Term
Nuclear Tranplantation
Definition
required for animal cloning, move nucleus from donor cell to host cell
Term
Stem Cells
Definition
unspecialized cell that can reproduce itself indefinetely
Term
Pluripotent Cells
Definition
a cell able to differeniate into many different cell types, example: embryonic stem cells
Term
iPS cells (induced pluripotent cells)
Definition
skin cells transformed into pluripotent cells using viruses
Term
Human Gene Therapy
Definition
altering an afflicted persons genes
Term
Pharm animals
Definition
animals made from introducing genes from one animal into another animals genome
Term
Transgenic Crops
Definition
genetically engineered crops
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