Term
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Definition
-double layered membrane
-outer-permeable
-inner-relatively impermeable
-matrix-location of metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
-use of a component of the pathway to control the pathway
-usually concentration determines regulation |
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Term
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Definition
| a precursor or substrate activates a reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| regulated by gene transcription/translation |
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Term
| concentration of cofactors/precursors |
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Definition
| determined by dietary intake |
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Term
| concentration of substrate/product determined by |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-concentration
-compartmentalization
-enzyme activation/deactivation
-hormones |
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Term
| how to turn enzymes on/off |
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Definition
-covalent modification (phosphorylation)
-ligand binding (feedback/foreward) |
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Term
| regulation by hormones based on needs of |
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Definition
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Term
| hormonal regulation by insulin |
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Definition
-released by beta cells of pancreas when high BG (high E state)
-causes cells to increase glucose uptake and increase E output
-triggers storage of glucose as glycogen in liver and skeletal muscle
-triggers storage as fats in adipose tissue
-inhibits release of glucagon |
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Term
| hormonal regulation by glucagon |
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Definition
-released by alpha cells of pancreas when low BG
-causes liver to release glucose for use by cells (via breakdown of glycogen or gluconeogenesis)
-glucagon secretion is inhibited by insulin |
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Term
| want to store glucose as glycogen |
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Definition
| liver, kidney,skeletal muscle, adipose tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
-"insulin deficiency"
-missing insulin (dead beta cells)
-usually born with it |
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Term
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Definition
-"insulin resistance"
-loss of insulin sensitivity
-beta cells put into overdrive and die |
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Term
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Definition
-salivary amylase cleaves alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds producing small oligosaccharides
-acidic pH of stomach inactivates amylase (little breakdown here)
-secretions in small intestine neutralize pH and form monosaccharides
-sugars absorbed by passive/active diffusion
-once in bloodstream, sugars can reach tissues or be processed in liver |
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Term
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Definition
-glucose transporters
-14 types
-vary in affinity |
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Term
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Definition
-all cell types
-high affinity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-muscle and adipose tissue
-medium affinity |
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Term
|
Definition
| fructose transporter;in many tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| small intestine and colon to absorb sugars from gut |
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Term
| why do you want a GLUT with a high Km in the liver and pancreas? |
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Definition
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Term
| How will the liver and pancreas respond when blood glucose is high? |
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Definition
-pancreas will release insulin
-liver will store glucose |
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Term
| How will liver and pancreas response when BG is low? |
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Definition
-pancreas will release glucagon
-liver will release glucose |
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Term
| once glucose is in the cell |
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Definition
-storage
-energy generation
-NADPH and pentose generation |
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